Raikoke, a small, unmonitored volcano in the Kuril Islands, erupted in June 2019. We integrate data from satellites (including Sentinel-2, TROPOMI, MODIS, Himawari-8), the International Monitoring System (IMS) infrasound network, and global lightning detection network (GLD360) with information from local authorities and social media to retrospectively characterize the eruptive sequence and improve understanding of the pre-, syn- and post- eruptive behavior. We observe six infrasound pulses beginning on 21 June at 17:49:55 UTC as well as the main Plinian phase on 21 June at 22:29 UTC. Each pulse is tracked in space and time using lightning and satellite imagery as the plumes drift eastward. Post-eruption visible satellite imagery shows expansion of the island's surface area, an increase in crater size, and a possibly-linked algal bloom south of the island. We use thermal satellite imagery and plume modeling to estimate plume height at 10–12 km asl and 1.5–2 × 10⁶ kg/s mass eruption rate. Remote infrasound data provide insight into syn-eruptive changes in eruption intensity. Our analysis illustrates the value of interdisciplinary analyses of remote data to illuminate eruptive processes. However, our inability to identify deformation, pre-eruptive outgassing, and thermal signals, which may reflect the relatively short duration (~12 h) of the eruption and minimal land area around the volcano and/or the character of closed-system eruptions, highlights current limitations in the application of remote sensing for eruption detection and characterization.

Raikoke 是千岛群岛的一座无人监测的小型火山，于 2019 年 6 月喷发。我们整合了来自卫星（包括 Sentinel-2、TROPOMI、MODIS、Himawari-8）、国际监测系统 (IMS) 次声网络和全球闪电的数据检测网络 (GLD360) 具有来自地方当局和社交媒体的信息，可追溯性地描述喷发序列并提高对喷发前、同步- 和爆发后的行为。我们观察到从 6 月 21 日 17:49:55 UTC 开始的六个次声脉冲以及 6 月 21 日 22:29 UTC 的主要 Plinian 相位。随着羽流向东漂移，使用闪电和卫星图像在空间和时间上跟踪每个脉冲。火山喷发后的可见卫星图像显示该岛表面积扩大，火山口尺寸增加，并且可能与该岛以南的藻华有关。我们使用热卫星图像和羽流模型来估计 10-12 公里 asl 和 1.5-2 × 10 ⁶ kg/s 质量喷发率的羽流高度。远程次声数据提供对同步的洞察- 喷发强度的喷发变化。我们的分析说明了远程数据的跨学科分析对阐明喷发过程的价值。然而，我们无法识别变形、喷发前释气和热信号，这可能反映了火山喷发持续时间相对较短（约 12 小时）和火山周围最小的陆地面积和/或封闭系统喷发的特征，突出了当前应用遥感进行喷发检测和表征的局限性。