Metal pyrithiones (MePTs), the most widely used biocides in antifouling paints (AFs) coated on the hulls, are usually used in combination with Cu-containing substances. In the aquatic environment, 2,2′-dithiobis-pyridine ((PS)₂), the main degradation product of MePTs, and Cu usually coexist. However, their combined impacts on aquatic organisms are unclear. This study exposed male guppy (Poecilia reticulata) to an environmentally realistic concentration of Cu (10 μg/L) alone or Cu (10 μg/L) combined with 20, 200, and 2000 ng/L (PS)₂ to explore their combined reproductive toxicity. The results showed that co-exposure to Cu and (PS)₂ increased Cu accumulation in the fish body in a dose-dependent manner and induced obvious spermatozoon apoptosis and necrosis, which was mediated by the peroxidation and caspase activation. Compared to Cu alone, co-exposure to Cu and 200, 2000 ng/L (PS)₂ significantly decreased the testosterone level and collapsed spermatogenesis, and depressed male's sexual interest and mating behavior were observed in three co-exposure groups. Moreover, co-exposure to Cu and (PS)₂ increased the disturbance on cyp19a and cyp19b transcription and suppressed the “display” reproductive behavior. Eventually, co-exposure to Cu and (PS)₂ caused male reproductive failure. Therefore, the concurrence of Cu and (PS)₂ induced significant reproductive toxicity in male guppies and would threaten the sustainability of fish populations. Considering the extensive usage of MePTs products in the AFs, their ecological risk warrants more evaluation.

金属吡啶硫酮 (MePTs) 是涂在船体上的防污漆 (AFs) 中使用最广泛的杀菌剂，通常与含铜物质结合使用。在水生环境中，MePTs的主要降解产物2,2'-二硫代双吡啶((PS) ₂ )和Cu通常共存。然而，它们对水生生物的综合影响尚不清楚。本研究将雄性孔雀鱼 ( Poecilia reticulata )暴露于环境现实浓度的单独 Cu (10 μg/L) 或 Cu (10 μg/L) 与 20、200 和 2000 ng/L (PS) ₂的组合，以探索它们的组合生殖毒性。结果表明，Cu和(PS) ₂共暴露以剂量依赖性方式增加鱼体内Cu的积累并诱导明显的精子凋亡和坏死，这是由过氧化和半胱天冬酶激活介导的。与单独的 Cu 相比，同时暴露于 Cu 和 200, 2000 ng/L (PS) ₂显着降低了睾酮水平和精子发生崩溃，并且在三个共同暴露组中观察到男性的性兴趣和交配行为受到抑制。此外，同时暴露于 Cu 和 (PS) _{2 会}增加对cyp19a和cyp19b转录的干扰并抑制“展示”繁殖行为。最终，铜和 (PS) _{2 的}共同暴露导致雄性生殖失败。因此，Cu 和 (PS) ₂的共存导致雄性孔雀鱼出现显着的生殖毒性，并会威胁鱼类种群的可持续性。考虑到 MePTs 产品在 AFs 中的广泛使用，其生态风险值得更多评估。