Development of the nervous system in the early hatching larvae of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi,Journal of Morphology

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Development of the nervous system in the early hatching larvae of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
Journal of Morphology ( IF 1.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-17 , DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21398
Tigran P Norekian _{1,

2,

3} , Leonid L Moroz _{1,

4}

Affiliation

Ctenophores are descendants of an early branching basal metazoan lineage, which may have evolved neurons and muscles independently from other animals. Mnemiopsis is one of the important reference ctenophore species. However, little is known about its neuromuscular organization. Here, we mapped and tracked the development of the neural and muscular elements in the early hatching cydippid larvae, as well as adult Mnemiopsis leidyi. The overall development of the neuromuscular system in Mnemiopsis was very similar to Pleurobrachia bachei, although in Mnemiopsis the entire process occurred significantly faster. The subepithelial neural cells were observed immediately after hatching. This population consisted of a dozen of separated individual neurons with short neurites. In about 2 days, when their neurites grew significantly longer and connected to their neighbors, they began to form a canonical polygonal subepithelial network. Mesogleal neural elements prominent in all studied adult ctenophores were not detectable in Mnemiopsis larvae but were clearly labeled in closely related Lobata species Bolinopsis infundibulum. Hatched larvae also had putative mechanoreceptors with long stereocilia and approximately two dozen muscle cells. In adult Mnemiopsis, the feeding lobes and auricles contained two distinct populations of neurons and neural ensembles that were not observed in other ctenophore lineages and likely represented elaborate neuronal innovations characteristic for the clade Lobata and their lifestyles.

中文翻译：

栉水母 Mnemiopsis leidyi 早期孵化幼虫的神经系统发育

栉水母是早期分支的基底后生动物谱系的后代，它们可能独立于其他动物进化出神经元和肌肉。Mnemiopsis是重要的参考栉水母物种之一。然而，对其神经肌肉组织知之甚少。在这里，我们绘制并跟踪了早期孵化的 cydippid 幼虫以及成年Mnemiopsis leidyi 中神经和肌肉元素的发育。Mnemiopsis神经肌肉系统的整体发育与Pleurobrachia bachei非常相似，尽管在Mnemiopsis 中。整个过程显着加快。孵化后立即观察上皮下神经细胞。这个群体由十几个具有短神经突的分离的个体神经元组成。大约 2 天后，当它们的神经突明显变长并与邻居相连时，它们开始形成典型的多边形上皮下网络。在所有研究的成年栉水母中突出的中膜神经元件在Mnemiopsis幼虫中检测不到，但在密切相关的 Lobata 物种Bolinopsis infundibulum 中被清楚地标记。孵化的幼虫也有推定的机械感受器，带有长静纤毛和大约两打肌肉细胞。在成年拟南芥中， 喂养叶和耳廓包含两个不同的神经元和神经集合群，这在其他栉水母谱系中未观察到，可能代表了进化枝 Lobata 及其生活方式的精细神经元创新特征。

更新日期：2021-09-04

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