摘要
这篇综述审视了非洲贫困、营养不良和疾病之间的关系、挑战、影响及其缓解措施。本文对有关非洲大陆贫困、营养不良和疾病问题的主要原因、模式、影响和解决方案的现有文献进行了批判性审视。贫困和营养不良是人口快速增长不受控制、农业和工业实践效率低下、治理不善和腐败导致许多非洲国家债务高企、艾滋病流行、疟疾、埃博拉病毒和 COVID-19 大流行等疾病、贫穷和不足的结果卫生基础设施和武装冲突。非洲贫困情景意味着无法满足人类的基本需求,这使得许多非洲人非常贫穷。尽管自然资源丰富,许多非洲国家的人均国内生产总值在世界国家名单中是最低的。根据联合国2009年的数据,在联合国人类发展指数中,全球24个“低人类发展”国家中有22个位于撒哈拉以南非洲。在联合国最不发达国家名单上的 50 个国家中,有 34 个在非洲。根据粮农组织的数据,2014-2016 年撒哈拉以南非洲地区有超过 2 亿人营养不良。撒哈拉以南非洲的食物不足发生率从 2010 年的 1.81 亿上升到 2016 年的 2.22 亿。2016 年,非洲的食物不足发生率是世界上最高的,估计占人口的 20%。这在东非令人担忧,那里三分之一的人口被怀疑营养不良。在类似的数据中,世界银行还发现,2012年撒哈拉以南非洲地区的贫困和公平数据为47%,有超过5亿人处于赤贫状态。贫困是非洲饥饿和营养不良的主要原因,而饥饿和营养不良又加剧了这一问题非洲大陆的疾病。由于不良和有害的经济政策、冲突和战争、干旱和气候变化以及人口增长等环境因素、领导不力和贪婪,贫困继续折磨着非洲。随着 COVID-19 的出现,贫困、营养不良和疾病等问题不断升级,许多非洲国家的人们难以维持生计。贫困是非洲饥饿和营养不良的主要原因,饥饿和营养不良加剧了非洲大陆的疾病问题。由于不良和有害的经济政策、冲突和战争、干旱和气候变化以及人口增长等环境因素、领导不力和贪婪,贫困继续折磨着非洲。随着 COVID-19 的出现,贫困、营养不良和疾病等问题不断升级,许多非洲国家的人们难以维持生计。贫困是非洲饥饿和营养不良的主要原因,饥饿和营养不良加剧了非洲大陆的疾病问题。由于不良和有害的经济政策、冲突和战争、干旱和气候变化以及人口增长等环境因素、领导不力和贪婪,贫困继续折磨着非洲。随着 COVID-19 的出现,贫困、营养不良和疾病等问题不断升级,许多非洲国家的人们难以维持生计。糟糕的领导和贪婪。随着 COVID-19 的出现,贫困、营养不良和疾病等问题不断升级,许多非洲国家的人们难以维持生计。糟糕的领导和贪婪。随着 COVID-19 的出现,贫困、营养不良和疾病等问题不断升级,许多非洲国家的人们难以维持生计。
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Africa and the Nexus of poverty, malnutrition and diseases
Abstract
This review examines the nexus of poverty, malnutrition and diseases in Africa, the challenges, implications and their mitigation. The paper takes a critical look at available literatures on the primary causes, modes, implications and solutions to the problems of poverty, malnutrition and diseases in Africa continent. Poverty and malnutrition are outcomes of uncontrolled rapid population growth, inefficient agricultural and industrial practices, high debt profile of many African countries due to poor governance and corruption, diseases such as AIDS epidemic, malaria, Ebola virus and COVID-19 pandemic, poor and inadequate health infrastructure and armed conflicts. African poverty scenario entails non-availability of basic human needs which makes many Africans to be very poor. Despite abundance of natural resources, the gross domestic product per capita of many African countries is among the lowest of list of nations of the world. According United Nation in 2009, 22 of 24 nations among the “Low Human Development” nations of the world on the UN’s Human Development Index were found in sub-Saharan Africa. Out of the 50 countries on the United Nation list of least developed countries, 34 of them were in Africa. According to FAO data over 200 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were undernourished in 2014-2016. The prevalence of undernourishment in sub-Saharan Africa rose from 181 million in 2010 to 222 million in 2016. In 2016, Africa had the highest prevalence of undernourishment in the world and estimated to be 20% of the population. While this was alarming in Eastern Africa where one-third of the population is suspected to be undernourished. In a similar data, World Bank also found that sub-Saharan Africa Poverty and Equity Data was 47% with over 500 million people in abject poverty in 2012. Poverty is the major cause of hunger and malnutrition in Africa while hunger and malnutrition escalated the problem of diseases in African continent. Poverty has continued to torment Africa as a result of poor and harmful economic policies, conflict and war, environmental factors like drought and climate change and population growth, poor leadership and greed. With the advent of COVID-19, the problem of poverty, malnutrition and diseases has been escalated and in many African countries people find it difficult to make ends meet.