彩色孔雀蜘蛛中的结构辅助超黑,Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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彩色孔雀蜘蛛中的结构辅助超黑
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-05-15 , DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0589
Dakota E. McCoy ₁ , Victoria E. McCoy ₂ , Nikolaj K. Mandsberg _{3,

4} , Anna V. Shneidman ₄ , Joanna Aizenberg _{4,

5,

6} , Richard O. Prum ₇ , David Haig ₁

Affiliation

雄性孔雀蜘蛛（Maratus，Salticidae）通过精心设计的性选择展示来竞争吸引雌性伴侣。它们进化出绚丽的色彩和天鹅绒般的黑色。在这里，我们使用扫描电子显微镜、高光谱成像和有限差分时域光学建模来研究孔雀蜘蛛的深黑色表面。我们发现由于微尺度结构，在 Maratus speciosus (0.44%) 和 Maratus karrie (0.35%) 中，超黑色区域反射不到 0.5% 的光（对于 30° 收集角）。这两个物种都进化出异常高的、紧密堆积的表皮肿块（微透镜阵列），并且 M. karrie 在表皮顶部有一层额外的密集黑色刷状鳞片。我们的光学模型表明，蜘蛛微透镜的半径和高度在 (i) 降低表面反射率和 (ii) 增强黑色素吸收（通过多重散射、女性眼睛接受锥外的衍射和增加光通过的路径长度）之间实现了平衡。吸收黑色素）。天堂鸟（Paradiseidae），孔雀蜘蛛的生态类似物，也进化出接近明亮色块的超黑色。超黑在局部消除了白色镜面高光，这是用于校准颜色感知的参考点，使附近的颜色对脊椎动物来说显得更亮，甚至更亮。我们提出，这种预先存在的定性感官体验——“感官偏差”——也存在于蜘蛛中，导致跳蛛交配展示的超黑的趋同进化。

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Structurally assisted super black in colourful peacock spiders

Male peacock spiders (Maratus, Salticidae) compete to attract female mates using elaborate, sexually selected displays. They evolved both brilliant colour and velvety black. Here, we use scanning electron microscopy, hyperspectral imaging and finite-difference time-domain optical modelling to investigate the deep black surfaces of peacock spiders. We found that super black regions reflect less than 0.5% of light (for a 30° collection angle) in Maratus speciosus (0.44%) and Maratus karrie (0.35%) owing to microscale structures. Both species evolved unusually high, tightly packed cuticular bumps (microlens arrays), and M. karrie has an additional dense covering of black brush-like scales atop the cuticle. Our optical models show that the radius and height of spider microlenses achieve a balance between (i) decreased surface reflectance and (ii) enhanced melanin absorption (through multiple scattering, diffraction out of the acceptance cone of female eyes and increased path length of light through absorbing melanin pigments). The birds of paradise (Paradiseidae), ecological analogues of peacock spiders, also evolved super black near bright colour patches. Super black locally eliminates white specular highlights, reference points used to calibrate colour perception, making nearby colours appear brighter, even luminous, to vertebrates. We propose that this pre-existing, qualitative sensory experience—‘sensory bias’—is also found in spiders, leading to the convergent evolution of super black for mating displays in jumping spiders.

更新日期：2019-05-15

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