Introduction

Respiratory disorders are quite common in the Moroccan central Middle Atlas due to its difficult climatic conditions and the difficulties in accessing health services. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to document the ancestral phytotherapeutic knowledge concerning the treatment of respiratory diseases in this region, using a qualitative and quantitative ethnobotanical approach.

Methods

A questionnaire containing open and semi-structured questions was used to conduct the interviews with 58 practitioners of traditional medicine in order to collect the necessary ethnomedical information. Databases such as Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus were used to analyze the inventoried plants, as well as their reported pharmacological activities. The data obtained were expressed by different quantitative indices: use value (UV), family use value (FUV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), level of fidelity (FL), informant consensus factor (ICF), relative importance (RI) and plant part value (PPV).

Results

A total of 35 plants distributed in 21 families were reported and categorized. The most represented family was Lamiaceae and the highest use value was for Scrophulariaceae (UVF=70.00). Of the plants listed, Marrubium vulgare L. has the highest use value (UVF=1.24). The highest relative citation frequency is recorded with Ruta montana L. (RFC=0.43). 24 species have a level of fidelity of 100% to treat various diseases. As for the highest value of informant consensus factor (ICF=1.00) is observed for the treatment of hoarseness and loss of voice. The leaves usually prepared by decoction and administered orally constitute the most used part (PPV=0.36). In addition, 24 plants among the 35 species studied (68.57%) have been the subject of scientific trials that have proven their pharmacological activities related to respiratory diseases. This is the case of Sambucus nigra L. which is effective in the treatment of influenza by direct effects through blocking viral glycoproteins, and indirect effects by increasing the expression of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF. Also, Hyssopus officinalis L. has an effect on chronic asthma by inhibiting eosinophil infiltration and reducing IgE levels in lung tissue. Finally, 69% of the plants used were declared toxic by the respondents.

Conclusion

The population in the central Middle Atlas is still relying on herbal medicine for respiratory conditions. The documented plants can serve as a basis for further scientific studies. Promising species need to be studied phytochemically and pharmacologically. For its part, the toxicity of certain species requires great vigilance.

中文翻译：

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中阿特拉斯中部（摩洛哥）呼吸系统疾病的民族植物学治疗：定性和定量方法

介绍

由于气候条件恶劣且难以获得卫生服务，呼吸系统疾病在摩洛哥中部中阿特拉斯地区十分常见。因此，本工作的目的是使用定性和定量的民族植物学方法记录有关该地区呼吸系统疾病治疗的祖先植物治疗知识。

方法

使用包含开放式和半结构化问题的问卷对 58 名传统医学从业者进行访谈，以收集必要的民族医学信息。使用 Web of Science、ScienceDirect、PubMed 和 Scopus 等数据库来分析库存植物及其报告的药理活性。获得的数据用不同的量化指标表示：使用价值（UV）、家庭使用价值（FUV）、相对引用频率（RFC）、保真度（FL）、知情人共识因子（ICF）、相对重要性（RI）和植物部分价值 (PPV)。

结果

共报告和分类了分布在21科的35种植物。最具代表性的科是唇形科，使用价值最高的是 玄参科（UVF=70.00）。在列出的植物中，Marrubium v​​ulgare L. 的使用价值最高（UVF=1.24）。Ruta montana记录了最高的相对引用频率L. (RFC=0.43)。24个物种具有100%的保真度来治疗各种疾病。对于声音嘶哑和失声的治疗，观察到知情人共识因子的最高值（ICF=1.00）。通常由煎剂制成并口服给药的叶子构成了最常用的部分（PPV=0.36）。此外，在研究的 35 种植物中，有 24 种植物 (68.57%) 已成为科学试验的对象，已证明其与呼吸系统疾病相关的药理活性。这就是Sambucus nigra L.的情况，它通过阻断病毒糖蛋白的直接作用和通过增加 IL-6、IL-8 和 TNF 的表达的间接作用而有效治疗流感。还有，海索草L. 通过抑制嗜酸性粒细胞浸润和降低肺组织中的 IgE 水平来治疗慢性哮喘。最后，受访者宣称所使用的植物中有 69% 是有毒的。

结论

中阿特拉斯中部的人口仍然依赖草药治疗呼吸系统疾病。记录在案的植物可以作为进一步科学研究的基础。需要从植物化学和药理学上研究有前途的物种。就其本身而言，某些物种的毒性需要高度警惕。