Polar Aromatic Compounds in Soot from Premixed Flames of Kerosene, Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene, and Kerosene–Synthetic Biofuels,Energy & Fuels

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Polar Aromatic Compounds in Soot from Premixed Flames of Kerosene, Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene, and Kerosene–Synthetic Biofuels
Energy & Fuels ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-29 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00422
Auréa Andrade-Eiroa ₁ , Philippe Dagaut ₁ , Guillaume Dayma ₁

Affiliation

Polar aromatic compounds (PACs) adsorbed on soot produced in laboratory premixed flames of fossil kerosene (Jet A-1), synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK), and Jet A-1/synthetic biofuels (2,5-dimethylfuran, methyloctanoate, diethylcarbonate, and 1-butanol) were characterized for the first time with the aim of shedding light on the combustion mechanisms and evaluating the environmental impact of these synthetic biofuels. The following families of compounds were fractionated from the soot extracts, and furthermore, their relative abundances were estimated: (a) oxa-AHs (xanthenes, benzoxanthene, alcoxy-AHs, furan derivatives...); (b) aldehydes-AHs, (c) ketones-AHs; (d) quinones-AHs; (e) aromatic monocarboxylic acids; (f) aromatic hydroxy acids; (g) aromatic dicarboxylic acids; (h) nitrated-AHs (including amines, acridines, cinnoline derivatives, carbazoles...); and (i) nitro-AHs. The results obtained point out that overall, soot from Jet A-1/biofuel premixed flames is richer in PACs than soot from pure Jet A-1 and SPK. Out of the fuels studied, Jet A-1/1-butanol produces the highest concentrations of nitro-AHs (namely, nitro-benzaldehydes), aldehydes-AHs, and hydroxy-AHs (including two isomers of hydroxy-benzaldehyde), whereas Jet A-1/diethylcarbonate produces the highest concentrations of quinones-AHs (especially phenanthrene quinones) and large concentrations of nitrated-AHs. On the other hand, soot from Jet A-1/methyloctanoate is the richest one in mono-aromatic and dicarboxylic acids, aromatic hydroxyacids, nitrated-AHs, and esters. Combustion of the Jet A-1/2,5-dimethylfuran mixture emits the highest concentrations of ketones-AHs and oxa-AHs (namely, furan derivatives). We should remark that although the soot samples were obtained from premixed flames, the lab conditions being far from the industrial conditions, particularly in terms of pressure; the chemistry going on should not be so different that our findings could not be extrapolated to industrial conditions.

中文翻译：

来自煤油、合成石蜡煤油和煤油-合成生物燃料的预混火焰的烟灰中的极性芳香化合物

极性芳香化合物 (PAC) 吸附在实验室预混化石煤油 (Jet A-1)、合成石蜡煤油 (SPK) 和 Jet A-1/合成生物燃料（2,5-二甲基呋喃、辛酸甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、和 1-丁醇）首次表征，目的是阐明燃烧机制并评估这些合成生物燃料的环境影响。从烟灰提取物中分离出以下化合物家族，此外，还估计了它们的相对丰度： (a) oxa-AHs（呫吨、苯并氧杂蒽、烷氧基-AHs、呋喃衍生物......）；(b) 醛-AHs，(c) 酮-AHs；(d) 醌-AHs；(e) 芳香族单羧酸；(f) 芳香族羟基酸；(g) 芳香族二羧酸；(h) 硝化 AHs（包括胺、吖啶、肉桂碱衍生物、咔唑……）；(i) 硝基 AH。获得的结果表明，总体而言，来自 Jet A-1/生物燃料预混火焰的烟灰比来自纯 Jet A-1 和 SPK 的烟灰富含 PAC。在研究的燃料中，Jet A-1/1-丁醇产生最高浓度的硝基 AHs（即硝基苯甲醛）、醛类 AHs 和羟基 AHs（包括羟基苯甲醛的两种异构体），而 Jet A-1/碳酸二乙酯产生最高浓度的醌-AHs（尤其是菲醌）和高浓度的硝化-AHs。另一方面，来自 Jet A-1/甲基辛酸酯的烟灰在单芳族和二元羧酸、芳族羟基酸、硝化 AH 和酯中含量最高。Jet A-1/2,5-二甲基呋喃混合物的燃烧释放出最高浓度的酮-AHs 和oxa-AHs（即呋喃衍生物）。需要注意的是，虽然煤烟样品是从预混火焰中获得的，但实验室条件与工业条件相差甚远，特别是在压力方面；发生的化学反应不应该如此不同，以至于我们的发现不能外推到工业条件。

更新日期：2021-07-15

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