This paper reviews significant issues related to the fossil hominins from the Altai Mountains of Siberia (Russia), namely Denisovans, Neanderthals, and early modern humans. Uncritical acceptance of the recovered information by some authors has resulted in unreliable chronologies of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic artifact assemblages and the animal and hominin fossils. We examine the chronostratigraphic contexts and archaeological associations of hominin and animal fossils and the lithics discovered at the Denisova, Okladnikov, Strashnaya, and Chagyrskaya cave sites. Taphonomic, site formation, and geomorphological studies show evidence of disturbance and redeposition caused by carnivore activity and sediment subsidence at these sites, which complicates the dating of the human remains. Our analysis indicates that the Middle Paleolithic is dated to ca. 50,000–130,000 years ago, and the Upper Paleolithic to ca. 12,000–48,000 years ago. The best age estimate for Denisovans is ca. 73,000–130,000 years ago. The ages of Neanderthals can be determined as more than 50,000–59,000 years ago, and of modern humans at roughly 12,000–48,000 years ago. Denisovan and Neanderthal fossils are associated with Middle Paleolithic complexes only.

本文回顾了与西伯利亚阿尔泰山脉（俄罗斯）的古人类化石（即丹尼索瓦人、尼安德特人和早期现代人类）相关的重要问题。一些作者不加批判地接受所恢复的信息，导致旧石器时代中晚期文物组合以及动物和古人类化石的年表不可靠。我们研究了在丹尼索瓦、奥克拉尼科夫、斯特拉什纳亚和查吉尔斯卡亚洞穴遗址发现的古人类、动物化石和石器的年代地层背景和考古关联。埋藏学、遗址形成和地貌学研究表明，这些遗址的食肉动物活动和沉积物沉降造成了干扰和再沉积，这使得人类遗骸的年代测定变得复杂化。我们的分析表明，旧石器时代中期可追溯到约。 50,000–130,000 年前，旧石器时代晚期至约 150,000 年前。 12,000–48,000 年前。丹尼索瓦人的最佳年龄估计是大约。 73,000–130,000 年前。尼安德特人的年龄可确定为距今 50,000 至 59,000 多年前，而现代人类的年龄则为大约 12,000 至 48,000 年前。丹尼索瓦人和尼安德特人的化石仅与旧石器时代中期的建筑群有关。