Selective CO₂ reduction to formate with high-added value is one of the most technologically and economically feasible pathways to realize electrochemical CO₂ fixation. Bismuth-based catalysts have the advantages of nontoxicity, low cost, high abundance, as well as excellent stability. In addition, bismuth-based catalysts display excellent selectivity for the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to formate in aqueous electrolytes due to high-hydrogen evolution overpotential. Hence, bismuth-based catalysts are by far the most commercially available materials for electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to formate. In this review, the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to formate over bismuth-based catalysts is elaborated. Firstly, this review describes performance evaluation indexes, evaluation systems and reaction mechanisms of the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to formate over bismuth-based catalysts. Subsequently, the research means to reveal the reaction mechanism of electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to formate over bismuth-based catalysts and the performance improvement strategies of the reaction are described in detail. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in this encouraging field are discussed. We believe that this review will contribute to further development of electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to formate over bismuth-based catalysts.

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中文翻译：

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在铋基催化剂上电化学还原二氧化碳以甲酸的进展

选择性还原CO ₂以形成具有高附加值的甲酸盐是实现电化学CO ₂固定的技术和经济上最可行的途径之一。铋基催化剂具有无毒、低成本、丰度高、稳定性好等优点。此外，由于高析氢过电位，铋基催化剂在电化学还原 CO ₂以在水性电解质中形成甲酸盐方面表现出优异的选择性。因此，铋基催化剂是迄今为止用于将CO ₂电化学还原为甲酸盐的最商业化的材料。在这篇综述中，CO ₂的电化学还原详细阐述了在铋基催化剂上进行甲酸盐化。首先，综述了铋基催化剂电化学还原CO ₂甲酸盐的性能评价指标、评价体系和反应机理。随后，详细介绍了在铋基催化剂上电化学还原CO ₂制备甲酸的反应机理和反应性能改进策略的研究手段。最后，讨论了这个令人鼓舞的领域的机遇和挑战。我们相信，该综述将有助于进一步开发基于铋的催化剂将 CO ₂电化学还原为甲酸盐。

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