Recycling wastewater for industries and providing future security for humans and the environment are important issues that need to be concerned. In this study, electro-Fenton (EF) process using graphite electrodes as cathode and anode and its application in removing neutral red (NR) dye using response surface methodology (RSM) was examined. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), total organic carbon (TOC), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were performed to analyze the degradation of the NR and characterization of the nanocatalysts. The effects of operational parameters such as applied current, amount of catalyst, initial NR concentration, reaction time, and pH on the decolorization efficiency of the NR were examined. The results showed that in the applied current of 200 mA, the amount of Fe²⁺ 2%, the initial NR concentration of 40 mg/L, and pH = 3 during 40 min of reaction time, the maximum decolorization efficiency value was 85.88% at homogenous EF, and 90.32% and 92.44% at heterogeneous EF using HZC and FeZC nanocatalysts, respectively. The results of the experimental part were compared by predictions via Minitab 16 software. The correlation coefficient found between the experimental and the model results was 99.7%.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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通过电子芬顿工艺去除中性红染料：响应面方法学建模

为工业回收废水并为人类和环境提供未来安全是需要关注的重要问题。在这项研究中，研究了使用石墨电极作为阴极和阳极的电子芬顿（EF）工艺及其在使用响应表面方法（RSM）去除中性红（NR）染料中的应用。紫外可见光谱（UV-Vis），傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR），X射线衍射（XRD），布鲁诺尔-埃梅特-泰勒（BET），程序升温脱附（TPD），总有机碳（TOC） ），并进行了气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析，以分析NR的降解和纳米催化剂的表征。操作参数的影响，例如施加的电流，催化剂的量，初始NR浓度，反应时间，考察了pH值对NR的脱色效率的影响。结果表明，在施加的200 mA电流中，Fe的含量²⁺ 2％，40毫克/升，pH值= 3时的反应时间40分钟的初始浓度NR，最大脱色效率值在均质EF 85.88％，90.32和％和使用HZC在异质EF 92.44％和FeZC纳米催化剂。实验部分的结果通过Minitab 16软件的预测进行了比较。实验结果与模型结果之间的相关系数为99.7％。

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