Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is receiving growing interest for energy storage because it can be locally synthesized from renewable energy through the two-electron water oxidation and the two-electron oxygen reduction reactions. Recently, engineering the microenvironment of existing catalysts has become a promising approach to address the activity, selectivity, and stability challenges of H₂O₂ synthesis and fuel cells, reducing the gap between theoretical prediction and experimental observations. We summarize these progresses from a multi-scale perspective, including tailoring the active sites on the catalytic surface, engineering the interface near the reactive sites, and improving the device design to achieve selective H₂O₂ conversion. Such strategies tune the thermodynamic energy barriers and reaction pathways, facilitate mass transfer for reactants and products, and stabilize the products and catalytic surfaces. The discussions here are expected to stimulate further efforts to achieve efficient on-site H₂O₂ production and power generation by H₂O₂ with high round-trip efficiency.

过氧化氢（H ₂ O ₂）在储能方面受到越来越多的关注，因为它可以通过双电子水氧化和双电子氧还原反应从可再生能源局部合成。最近，改造现有催化剂的微环境已成为解决 H ₂ O ₂ 合成和燃料电池的活性、选择性和稳定性挑战的有前途的方法，缩小理论预测与实验观察之间的差距。我们从多尺度的角度总结了这些进展，包括定制催化表面上的活性位点，设计反应位点附近的界面，以及改进装置设计以实现选择性 H ₂O ₂转换。这些策略调整热力学能垒和反应途径，促进反应物和产物的传质，并稳定产物和催化表面。预计这里的讨论将激发进一步努力，以实现高效的现场 H ₂ O ₂生产和高往返效率的H ₂ O ₂发电。