级联效应：来自美国长期生态研究网络的见解,Ecosphere

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级联效应：来自美国长期生态研究网络的见解
Ecosphere ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-17 , DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3430
Christie A. Bahlai _{1,

2} , Clarisse Hart ₃ , Maria T. Kavanaugh ₄ , Jeffrey D. White ₅ , Roger W. Ruess ₆ , Todd J. Brinkman ₆ , Hugh W. Ducklow ₇ , David R. Foster ₃ , William R. Fraser ₈ , Hélène Genet ₆ , Peter M. Groffman _{9,

10} , Stephen K. Hamilton _{2,

10} , Jill F. Johnstone ₆ , Knut Kielland ₆ , Douglas A. Landis ₁₁ , Michelle C. Mack ₁₂ , Orlando Sarnelle ₁₃ , Jonathan R. Thompson ₃

Affiliation

Department of Biological Sciences Kent State University Kent Ohio44242USA
Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan49060USA
Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham Massachusetts01366USA
College of Earth Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331USA
Department of Biology Framingham State University 100 State Street Framingham Massachusetts01702USA
Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska99775USA
Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory Palisades New York10964USA
Polar Oceans Research Group Sheridan Montana59749USA
City University of New York Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center New York New York10031USA
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York12545USA
Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University 480 Wilson Road East Lansing Michigan48824USA

美国各地的生态系统正在以复杂且不可预测的方式变化，对这些变化的分析需要长期的协调研究。本文是美国国家科学基金会资助的长期生态研究（LTER）网络的综合工作的成果，该网络解决了LTER核心研究领域“人口与社区”。这项分析表明，每个LTER站点至少有一个令人信服的“故事”，说明其站点在50-100年内的样子。随着故事的准备，主题出现了，并且故事按照五个主题分为论文：状态变化，连通性，弹性，时滞和级联效应。本文以级联效应为主题，包括Bonanza Creek（北方），Kellogg生物站（农业和淡水），Palmer（南极洲），和哈佛森林（温带森林）LTER站点。我们非常广泛地定义级联效应，以包括由系统中的各种动作或变化导致的各种不可预见的事件链。尽管气候变化对北方森林具有重要的直接影响，但长期来看，火灾活动所造成的间接影响（严重性，大小和返回间隔）具有较大的连锁影响。在东北温带森林中，人类管理和干扰的遗产影响着现有森林的组成，从而形成了一系列与气候促进的外来有害生物入侵相互作用的效应。在南极洲，海冰下降会产生一系列影响，包括阿德利（Adèlie）的减少和巴布亚企鹅（Gentoo）企鹅的增加，浮游植物的变化以及随之而来的浮游动物种群的变化。瓢虫的外来物种的入侵可能对农业景观中的害虫控制和本地物种的保护产生重要的未来影响。对斑马贻贝（一种受到充分研究的入侵者）的新研究已经建立了气候，贻贝的耐热性和有害藻华之间的联系。总而言之，这些故事强调了需要进行长期研究，以理清不同类型的生态梯级的复杂性。LTER网络中地点的多样性促进了有关营养相互作用的总体概念的出现，而营养相互作用是生态系统结构，功能，服务和未来的重要驱动力。一个经过充分研究的入侵者，已在气候，贻贝的耐热性和有害藻华之间建立了联系。总而言之，这些故事强调了需要进行长期研究，以理清不同类型的生态梯级的复杂性。LTER网络中地点的多样性促进了有关营养相互作用的总体概念的出现，而营养相互作用是生态系统结构，功能，服务和未来的重要驱动力。一个经过充分研究的入侵者，已在气候，贻贝的耐热性和有害藻华之间建立了联系。总而言之，这些故事强调了需要进行长期研究，以理清不同类型的生态梯级的复杂性。LTER网络中地点的多样性促进了有关营养相互作用的总体概念的出现，而营养相互作用是生态系统结构，功能，服务和未来的重要驱动力。

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Cascading effects: insights from the U.S. Long Term Ecological Research Network

Ecosystems across the United States are changing in complex and unpredictable ways and analysis of these changes requires coordinated, long‐term research. This paper is a product of a synthesis effort of the U.S. National Science Foundation funded Long‐Term Ecological Research (LTER) network addressing the LTER core research area of “populations and communities.” This analysis revealed that each LTER site had at least one compelling “story” about what their site would look like in 50–100 yr. As the stories were prepared, themes emerged, and the stories were group into papers along five themes: state change, connectivity, resilience, time lags, and cascading effects. This paper addresses the cascading effects theme and includes stories from the Bonanza Creek (boreal), Kellogg Biological Station (agricultural and freshwater), Palmer (Antarctica), and Harvard Forest (temperate forest) LTER sites. We define cascading effects very broadly to include a wide array of unforeseen chains of events that result from a variety of actions or changes in a system. While climate change is having important direct effects on boreal forests, indirect effects mediated by fire activity—severity, size, and return interval—have large cascading effects over the long term. In northeastern temperate forests, legacies of human management and disturbance affect the composition of current forests, which creates a cascade of effects that interact with the climate‐facilitated invasion of an exotic pest. In Antarctica, declining sea ice creates a cascade of effects including declines in Adèlie and increases in Gentoo penguins, changes in phytoplankton, and consequent changes in zooplankton populations. An invasion of an exotic species of lady beetle is likely to have important future effects on pest control and conservation of native species in agricultural landscapes. New studies of zebra mussels, a well‐studied invader, have established links between climate, the heat tolerance of the mussels, and harmful algal blooms. Collectively, these stories highlight the need for long‐term studies to sort out the complexities of different types of ecological cascades. The diversity of sites within the LTER network facilitates the emergence of overarching concepts about trophic interactions as an important driver of ecosystem structure, function, services, and futures.

更新日期：2021-05-17

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