The major drawback of chemical transformations for the production of 2, 5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) implies the usage of hazardous chemicals, high temperature and high pressure from nonrenewable resources. Alternate to chemical methods, biological methods are promising. Microbial FDCA production is improved through engineering approaches of media conditions, homologous and heterologous expression of genes, genetic and metabolic engineering, etc. The highest FDCA production of 41.29 g/L is observed by an engineered Raultella ornitholytica BF 60 from 35 g/L HMF in sodium phosphate buffer with a 95.14% yield in 72 h. Also, an enzyme cascade system of recombinant and wild enzymes like periplasmic aldehyde oxidase ABC, galactose oxidase M3-5, HRP and catalase have transformed 6.3 g/L HMF to 7.81 g/L FDCA in phosphate buffer with 100% yield in 6 h. Still, these processes are emerging for fulfilling the industrial needs due to the challenges in 'green FDCA production'.

中文翻译：

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生物工程技术在绿色合成2，5-呋喃二羧酸方面的进步，创新和挑战。

生产2，5-呋喃二甲酸（FDCA）的化学转化的主要缺点是使用有害化学物质，来自不可再生资源的高温和高压。除了化学方法，生物学方法也是有前途的。通过培养基条件的工程方法，基因的同源和异源表达，基因和代谢工程等方法，可以提高微生物的FDCA产量。工程改造的Raultella ornitholytica BF 60从35 g / L的HMF中观察到最高的FDCA产量为41.29 g / L。在磷酸钠缓冲液中溶解，在72小时内收率95.14％。此外，重组和野生酶（如周质醛氧化酶ABC，半乳糖氧化酶M3-5，HRP和过氧化氢酶）的酶级联系统已在6.3 g / L HMF磷酸盐缓冲液中将6.3 g / L HMF转化为7.81 g / L FDCA，在6小时内收率为100％。