Copper has toxic effects in fish, whereas the cyanobacterium Spirulina reportedly has protective effects against metal toxicity in various animal species. The current study, therefore, aimed to investigate the prophylactic role of Spirulina platensis against the effects of copper sulfate (CuSO4) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Biochemical, antioxidant, erthyron profile and histopathological endpoints were assessed after for 15 days of exposure in five separate treatment groups: (1) fish pre-fed the normal diet (control), (2) fish pre-fed the normal diet and exposed to 15 mg/L of CuSO4, (3) fish pre-fed the normal diet augmented with 0.25% Spirulina and exposed to 15 mg/L of CuSO4, (4) fish pre-fed the normal diet and exposed to 15 mg/L of CuO-NPs, and (5) fish pre-fed the normal diet augmented with 0.25% Spirulina and exposed to 15 mg/L CuO-NPs. Exposure to CuSO4 or CuO-NPs significantly increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in fish, as well as serum total protein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations. In contrast, most hematological indices in fish significantly decreased after CuSO4 or CuO-NPs exposure. Moreover, CuSO4 and CuO-NPs caused a significant increase in the percentage of poikilocytosis and nuclear abnormalities of red blood cells, as well as histopathological changes in the brain, liver, intestine, and kidneys. Importantly, Spirulina supplementation mitigated against physiological disruption caused by CuSO4 or CuO-NPs.

中文翻译：

---

使用多种生物标志物研究硫酸铜和氧化铜纳米颗粒对尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）的影响：螺旋藻的预防作用。


铜对鱼类具有毒性作用，而蓝藻螺旋藻据报道对多种动物物种具有针对金属毒性的保护作用。因此，本研究旨在探讨钝顶螺旋藻对硫酸铜 (CuSO4) 和氧化铜纳米颗粒 (CuO-NPs) 对尼罗罗非鱼 (Oreochromis niloticus) 的影响的预防作用。在五个单独的处理组中暴露 15 天后，对生化、抗氧化剂、红甲状腺素概况和组织病理学终点进行评估：(1) 鱼预先喂食正常饮食（对照），(2) 鱼预先喂食正常饮食并暴露于15 mg/L CuSO4，(3) 鱼预先喂食添加有 0.25% 螺旋藻的正常饮食，并暴露于 15 mg/L CuSO4，(4) 鱼预先喂食正常饮食，并暴露于 15 mg/L CuO-NPs，(5) 鱼预先喂食添加有 0.25% 螺旋藻的正常饮食，并暴露于 15 mg/L CuO-NPs。暴露于 CuSO4 或 CuO-NPs 显着增加了鱼类的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性，以及​​血清总蛋白、葡萄糖、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、肌酐和尿酸浓度。相比之下，暴露于 CuSO4 或 CuO-NPs 后，鱼类的大多数血液学指标显着下降。此外，CuSO4和CuO-NPs导致红细胞异形细胞增多和核异常的百分比显着增加，以及脑、肝、肠和肾的组织病理学变化。重要的是，补充螺旋藻可以减轻 CuSO4 或 CuO-NP 引起的生理破坏。