Several commercial uses and potential novel applications have recently been described for chondroitin sulfate (CS). However, the currently applied animal extractive procedure has a high environmental impact, which may become more profound especially in relation to the forecasted expansion of the CS market for applications as a food supplement, pharmaceutical ingredient, and biopolymer in materials for regenerative medicine. This issue, together with religious and consumer concerns, has prompted the good manufacturing practice (GMP) of chondroitin and CS. This is achievable by combining the design of metabolically engineered microorganisms and tailor-made fermentation processes with semi-synthetic or enzyme-based approaches. The final target is to obtain molecules with specific sulfation patterns that resemble those occurring in natural products and improve the sulfation motif or introduce specific substitutions, such as fucosylation, to tune the biological function. The frontier that is currently triggering attention is related to evaluating the bioactivity of unsulfated chondroitin. Due to recent advancements in the field, a brief survey of the most recent patent and research literature is discussed here.

中文翻译：

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软骨素和硫酸软骨素的微生物产生和代谢工程。

最近已经描述了硫酸软骨素（CS）的几种商业用途和潜在的新颖应用。但是，当前应用的动物提取程序对环境的影响很大，尤其是与CS用作食品补充剂，药物成分和再生医学材料中的生物聚合物的市场的扩展有关时，这可能会变得更加深刻。这个问题，以及宗教和消费者的关注，促使软骨素和CS的良好生产规范（GMP）。这是可以通过将代谢工程微生物的设计和量身定制的发酵过程与半合成或基于酶的方法相结合来实现的。最终目标是获得具有类似于天然产物中存在的特定硫酸化模式的分子，并改善硫酸化基序或引入特定的取代（例如岩藻糖基化）以调节生物学功能。当前引起关注的前沿与评估未硫酸化软骨素的生物活性有关。由于该领域的最新进展，这里讨论了对最新专利和研究文献的简要调查。