We synthesize established and emerging research to propose a feedback process model that explicates key antecedents, experiences, and consequences of the emotion boredom. The proposed Boredom Feedback Model posits that the dynamic process of boredom resembles a feedback loop that centers on attention shifts instigated by inadequate attentional engagement. Inadequate attentional engagement is a discrepancy between desired and actual levels of attentional engagement and is a product of external and internal influences, reflected in objective resources and cognitive appraisals. The model sheds light on several essential yet unresolved puzzles in the literature, including how people learn to cope with boredom, how to understand the relation between self-control and boredom, how the roles of attention and meaning in boredom can be integrated, why boredom is associated with both high- and low-arousal negative emotions, and what contributes to chronic boredom. The model offers testable hypotheses for future research.

我们综合了既定的和新兴的研究，提出了一个反馈过程模型，该模型解释了情绪无聊的关键前因、经验和后果。提议的无聊反馈模型假定无聊的动态过程类似于一个反馈循环，该循环以注意力不集中引起的注意力转移为中心。注意力投入不足是期望和实际注意力投入水平之间的差异，是外部和内部影响的产物，反映在客观资源和认知评估中。该模型揭示了文献中几个基本但尚未解决的难题，包括人们如何学会应对无聊，如何理解自我控制和无聊之间的关系，如何整合注意力和意义在无聊中的作用，为什么无聊与高唤醒和低唤醒负面情绪有关，以及导致慢性无聊的原因。该模型为未来的研究提供了可检验的假设。