Bone remodeling is a continuous process that maintains the homeostasis of the skeletal system, and it depends on the homeostasis between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-absorbing osteoclasts. A large number of studies have confirmed that the Smad signaling pathway is essential for the regulation of osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation during skeletal development, bone formation and bone homeostasis, suggesting a close relationship between Smad signaling and bone remodeling. It is known that Smads proteins are pivotal intracellular effectors for the members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), acting as transcription factors. Smad mediates the signal transduction in TGF-β and BMP signaling pathway that affects both osteoblast and osteoclast functions, and therefore plays a critical role in the regulation of bone remodeling. Increasing studies have demonstrated that a number of Smad signaling regulators have potential functions in bone remodeling. Therefore, targeting Smad dependent TGF-β and BMP signaling pathway might be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy against osteoporosis. This article aims to review recent advances in this field, summarizing the influence of Smad on osteoblast and osteoclast function, together with Smad signaling regulators in bone remodeling. This will facilitate the understanding of Smad signaling pathway in bone biology and shed new light on the modulation and potential treatment for osteoporosis.

中文翻译：

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Smad依赖性TGF-β和BMP信号通路在骨重塑和治疗中的作用

骨骼重塑是维持骨骼系统动态平衡的连续过程，它取决于成骨成骨细胞和吸收骨质破骨细胞之间的动态平衡。大量研究证实，Smad信号通路对于骨骼发育，骨形成和骨稳态过程中成骨细胞和破骨细胞分化的调控至关重要，这表明Smad信号通路与骨骼重塑之间有着密切的关系。众所周知，Smads蛋白是作为转录因子的转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）和骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）成员的关键细胞内效应子。Smad介导TGF-β和BMP信号通路中的信号转导同时影响成骨细胞和破骨细胞功能，因此在骨骼重塑的调节中起着至关重要的作用。越来越多的研究表明，许多Smad信号调节因子在骨骼重塑中具有潜在功能。因此，靶向依赖Smad的TGF-β和BMP信号通路可能是针对骨质疏松症的一种新颖且有希望的治疗策略。本文旨在回顾该领域的最新进展，总结Smad对成骨细胞和破骨细胞功能的影响，以及Smad信号调节因子在骨骼重塑中的作用。这将促进对骨骼生物学中Smad信号通路的理解，并为骨质疏松症的调节和潜在治疗方法提供新的思路。靶向Smad依赖性TGF-β和BMP信号通路可能是针对骨质疏松症的一种新颖且有希望的治疗策略。本文旨在回顾该领域的最新进展，总结Smad对成骨细胞和破骨细胞功能的影响，以及Smad信号调节因子在骨骼重塑中的作用。这将促进对骨骼生物学中Smad信号通路的理解，并为骨质疏松症的调节和潜在治疗方法提供新的思路。靶向Smad依赖性TGF-β和BMP信号通路可能是针对骨质疏松症的一种新颖且有希望的治疗策略。本文旨在回顾该领域的最新进展，总结Smad对成骨细胞和破骨细胞功能的影响，以及Smad信号调节因子在骨骼重塑中的作用。这将促进对骨骼生物学中Smad信号通路的理解，并为骨质疏松症的调节和潜在治疗方法提供新的思路。