Mammals are metagenomic in that they are composed of not only their own gene complements but also those of all of their associated microbes. To understand the coevolution of the mammals and their indigenous microbial communities, we conducted a network-based analysis of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from the fecal microbiota of humans and 59 other mammalian species living in two zoos and in the wild. The results indicate that host diet and phylogeny both influence bacterial diversity, which increases from carnivory to omnivory to herbivory; that bacterial communities codiversified with their hosts; and that the gut microbiota of humans living a modern life-style is typical of omnivorous primates.

中文翻译：

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哺乳动物及其肠道微生物的进化

哺乳动物是宏基因组的，因为它们不仅由它们自己的基因互补物组成，而且还由它们所有相关微生物的基因互补物组成。为了了解哺乳动物及其本土微生物群落的共同进化，我们对生活在两个动物园和野外的人类和 59 种其他哺乳动物的粪便微生物群的细菌 16S 核糖体 RNA 基因序列进行了基于网络的分析。结果表明，宿主饮食和系统发育均影响细菌多样性，细菌多样性从肉食性到杂食性再到草食性增加；细菌群落与其宿主共同多样化；并且过着现代生活方式的人类肠道微生物群是杂食性灵长类动物的典型特征。