In recent decades, the black–white test score disparity has decreased, and the test score disparity between children of high- versus low-income parents has increased. This study focuses on a comparison that has, to date, fallen between the separate literatures on these diverging trends: black and white students whose parents have similarly low, middle, or high incomes (i.e., same income or race within income). To do so, I draw on three nationally representative data sets on 9th or 10th graders, covering 1960 to 2009, that contain information on students’ math test scores. I find that math test score disparities between black and white students with same-income parents are to black students’ disadvantage. Although these disparities have decreased since 1960, in 2009 they remained substantively large, statistically significant, and largest between children of the highest-income parents. Furthermore, family and school characteristics that scholars commonly use to explain test score disparities by race or income account for markedly decreasing shares of race-within-income disparities over time. The study integrates the literatures on test score disparities by race and income with attention to the historical and continued structural influence of race, net of parental income, on students’ educational experiences and test score outcomes.

近几十年来，黑人与白人的考试成绩差距有所缩小，高收入和低收入父母的孩子之间的考试成绩差距有所扩大。本研究的重点是迄今为止对这些不同趋势的不同文献之间的比较：父母收入相似的低、中或高收入（即相同收入或收入内的种族）的黑人和白人学生。为此，我利用了三个具有全国代表性的九年级或十年级学生数据集，涵盖 1960 年至 2009 年，其中包含学生数学考试成绩的信息。我发现，父母收入相同的黑人和白人学生之间的数学考试成绩差异对黑人学生不利。尽管自 1960 年以来这些差距有所缩小，但在 2009 年，这些差距仍然相当大，具有统计显着性，并且在最高收入父母的孩子之间是最大的。此外，学者们通常用来解释按种族或收入划分的考试成绩差异的家庭和学校特征，说明随着时间的推移，种族内收入差异的比例显着下降。该研究整合了有关种族和收入的考试成绩差异的文献，并关注种族（扣除父母收入）对学生教育经历和考试成绩的历史和持续的结构性影响。