Typical catalyst inks in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are composed of a catalyst, its support, an ionomer and a solvent and are used with solution processing approaches to manufacture conventional catalyst layers (CLs). Because of this, catalyst ink formulation and deposition processes are closely related to CL structure and performance. However, catalyst inks with ideal rheology and optimized electrochemical performances remain lacking in the large-scale application of PEMFCs. To address this, this review will summarize current progress in the formulation, characterization, modeling and deposition of catalyst inks. In addition, this review will highlight recent advancements in catalyst ink materials and discuss corresponding complex interactions. This review will also present various catalyst ink dispersion methods with insights into their stability and introduce the application of small-angle scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) technologies in the characterization of catalyst ink microstructures. Finally, recent studies in the kinetic modeling and deposition of catalyst inks will be analyzed. The formulation and the deposition process of catalyst inks determine the formation of catalyst. The interaction between the components of the catalyst ink governs the microstructure and processability of the ink, thereby affecting the microstructure and performance of the CL.

中文翻译：

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增强PEMFC性能的催化剂油墨的可控设计：综述

质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）中的典型催化剂墨水由催化剂，其载体，离聚物和溶剂组成，并与溶液处理方法一起使用以制造常规催化剂层（CL）。因此，催化剂墨水的配制和沉积过程与CL结构和性能密切相关。然而，在PEMFC的大规模应用中仍然缺乏具有理想流变学和优化的电化学性能的催化剂油墨。为了解决这个问题，本综述将总结催化剂油墨的配制，表征，建模和沉积方面的最新进展。此外，本文将重点介绍催化剂油墨材料的最新进展，并讨论相应的复杂相互作用。这篇综述还将介绍各种催化剂墨水分散方法及其稳定性，并介绍小角度散射和低温透射电子显微镜（cryo-TEM）技术在催化剂墨水微结构表征中的应用。最后，将对催化剂油墨动力学建模和沉积的最新研究进行分析。催化剂油墨的配方和沉积过程决定了催化剂的形成。催化剂墨水组分之间的相互作用决定了墨水的微观结构和可加工性，从而影响了CL的微观结构和性能。