Abstract The development of clean and sustainable energy depends largely on electrocatalysis-driven technologies. Because of this, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the search for efficient electrocatalysts to reduce the overpotential and increase the selectivity of electrochemical reactions. Of the various approaches, electrochemical tuning is seen as a promising technique to controllably tune the properties of catalytic materials under mild conditions. Based on this, this review will present representative electrochemical tuning methodologies involving insertion and conversion reactions in batteries as well as in situ electrode modulation during electrocatalysis processes. This review will first provide an introduction of electrochemical tuning strategies from the perspective of reactions and devices. Subsequently, this review will present comprehensive discussions on recent advancements in the modulation of various electrocatalyst properties, including electronic structure, crystalline phase, lattice strain and dimensional size, all of which significantly impact corresponding intrinsic activity and active site exposure. This review will also highlight the merits, challenges and issues of electrochemical tuning and propose promising directions in the exploration of corresponding methods in the design and enhancement of electrocatalysts for future energy applications. Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

---

过渡金属基材料用于电催化的电化学调节

摘要清洁和可持续能源的发展在很大程度上取决于电催化驱动的技术。因此，人们致力于寻找有效的电催化剂以减少过电势并增加电化学反应的选择性。在各种方法中，电化学调节被认为是在温和条件下可控制地调节催化材料性能的有前途的技术。基于此，本文将介绍代表性的电化学调节方法，涉及电池中的插入和转化反应以及电催化过程中的原位电极调制。本文将首先从反应和装置的角度介绍电化学调节策略。随后，这篇综述将就各种电催化剂性能的调节方面的最新进展进行全面的讨论，包括电子结构，晶相，晶格应变和尺寸大小，所有这些都会显着影响相应的固有活性和活性位点暴露。这篇综述还将重点介绍电化学调节的优点，挑战和问题，并为探索设计和增强用于未来能源应用的电催化剂的相应方法提供有希望的方向。图形摘要 所有这些都会显着影响相应的固有活性和活性部位暴露。这篇综述还将重点介绍电化学调节的优点，挑战和问题，并为探索设计和增强用于未来能源应用的电催化剂的相应方法提供有希望的方向。图形摘要 所有这些都会显着影响相应的固有活性和活性部位暴露。这篇综述还将重点介绍电化学调节的优点，挑战和问题，并为探索设计和增强用于未来能源应用的电催化剂的相应方法提供有希望的方向。图形摘要