Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials in the consumer products, agriculture, and energy sectors. Their large demand and widespread applications will inevitably cause damage to organisms and ecosystems. A better understanding of TiO2 NP toxicity in living organisms may promote risk assessment and safe use practices of these nanomaterials. This review summarizes the toxic effects of TiO2 NPs on multiple taxa of microorganisms, algae, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The mechanism of TiO2 NP toxicity to organisms can be outlined in three aspects: The Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) produced by TiO2 NPs following the induction of electron-hole pairs; cell wall damage and lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane caused by NP-cell attachment by electrostatic force owing to the large surface area of TiO2 NPs; and TiO2 NP attachment to intracellular organelles and biological macromolecules following damage to the cell membranes.

中文翻译：

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二氧化钛纳米粒子对生物的毒性及其作用机理

二氧化钛纳米颗粒（TiO2 NPs）是消费品，农业和能源领域中使用最广泛的纳米材料之一。它们的大量需求和广泛应用将不可避免地对生物和生态系统造成破坏。对TiO2 NP在活生物体中毒性的更好理解可能会促进这些纳米材料的风险评估和安全使用实践。这篇综述总结了TiO2 NP对微生物，藻类，植物，无脊椎动物和脊椎动物的多种类群的毒性作用。TiO2 NP对生物的毒性机理可从三个方面概述：TiO2 NPs在诱导电子-空穴对后产生的活性氧（ROS）；由于TiO2 NPs的表面积大，静电力导致NP细胞附着导致细胞壁损伤和细胞膜脂质过氧化; 并在细胞膜受损后将TiO2 NP附着在细胞内细胞器和生物大分子上。