In mountainous areas, bare slopes represent often dangerous forms of land degradation that need to be rehabilitated. However, revegetation is usually performed with non-native plants, negatively impacting the natural landscape value. Comprehensive studies, especially on poorly investigated long-term revegetation effects, are therefore essential for the improvement of rehabilitation practices.

In this study, four landslides or disused quarries surrounded by well-preserved (semi-) natural vegetation that were revegetated between 1988 and 2002 with non-native only herbaceous or both herbaceous and woody plants were studied 1–9 and 16–31 years after rehabilitation. A total of 111 sampling areas were surveyed for introduced and volunteer species and other important ground cover soil and topography traits. Climatic traits and species' ecological indicators were retrieved from the available databases. The time patterns and ecological spectra of the plant covers were analysed and correlated to the site traits.

In the first decade, introduced plants were initially abundant but decreased rapidly. In the long-term, the more stress-tolerant among them still had a considerable cover, especially in fine-textured soils. Native species were established slowly but, due to their higher stress tolerance, dominated in the long-term, especially at more stressful sites.

In areas with predominantly herbaceous cover, soil factors, such as gravel content, were more related to the plant cover. In areas with predominantly woody plant cover, the high plant cover was dependent on microclimatic factors, especially aspect.

At sites like those studied here, woody species should be always used, but in the form of native plants, as they tend to persist. If herbaceous species are unavailable in native forms, their introduction should be avoided in areas not exposed to erosion, whereas poorly stress-tolerant non-native plants should be used in steep areas as they create a fast but short-lasting cover compensated in the long term by the establishment of native species.

在山区，光秃秃的斜坡往往代表着土地退化的危险形式，需要对其进行修复。但是，通常使用非本地植物进行植被恢复，对自然景观价值产生负面影响。因此，全面研究，尤其是对长期植被恢复效果欠佳的研究，对于改善康复实践至关重要。

在这项研究中，研究了四个滑坡或废弃的采石场，它们被保存完好的（半）天然植被包围，这些植被在1988年至2002年之间用非天然的草本植物或草本和木本植物重新植被，分别在1-9年和16-31年后进行了研究。复原。总共对111个采样区域进行了调查，以了解引进物种和志愿物种以及其他重要的地面覆盖土壤和地形特征。从可用数据库中检索了气候特征和物种的生态指标。分析了植物覆盖物的时间模式和生态谱，并将其与站点特征相关联。

在最初的十年中，引进的植物最初很丰富，但很快就减少了。从长远来看，它们之间的耐压性仍然较高，尤其是在质地较细的土壤中。本地物种建立缓慢，但由于其较高的耐压性，长期而言尤其在压力较大的地区占主导地位。

在草本覆盖率较高的地区，土壤因素（例如砾石含量）与植物覆盖率的关系更大。在主要是木本植物覆盖的地区，高植物覆盖率取决于微气候因素，尤其是方面。

在这里所研究的地点，应始终使用木本物种，但应以本地植物的形式使用，因为它们往往会持续存在。如果无法获得天然形式的草本物种，应避免在未遭受侵蚀的地区引入它们，而应耐逆境的非本地植物应在陡峭地区使用，因为它们会形成快速但持久的覆盖，长期补偿术语由建立本地物种组成。