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Experimental Characterization of Commercial and Synthesized Aromatic Polyamide Films for Reverse Osmosis Membranes
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-12 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05393 Xuefan Song 1, 2 , Wafa Guiga 1, 3 , Bernard Rousseau 2 , Anne Jonquieres 4 , Raphaël Weil 5 , Marion Grzelka 5 , Jehan Waeytens 2, 6 , Alexandre Dazzi 2 , Diana Dragoe 7 , Claire Fargues 1
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-12 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05393 Xuefan Song 1, 2 , Wafa Guiga 1, 3 , Bernard Rousseau 2 , Anne Jonquieres 4 , Raphaël Weil 5 , Marion Grzelka 5 , Jehan Waeytens 2, 6 , Alexandre Dazzi 2 , Diana Dragoe 7 , Claire Fargues 1
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The complex structure of the active aromatic polyamide (APA) layer of reverse osmosis membranes needs to be precisely described for understanding and predicting solute rejection. A commercial reverse osmosis membrane (CPA2, Hydranautics) was chosen as a case study, and home-made APA films were prepared by free-standing interfacial polymerization of trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and m-phenylenediamine (MPD) at different temperatures to obtain different film structures. Their morphology, thickness, void fraction, density, and chemical composition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), profilometry, ellipsometry, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All samples have a multilevel topological structure as a dense base upon which generate a valley–ridge structure for CPA2 and a chimneylike structure for synthesized samples, whose thicknesses increase with temperature. An average void fraction of 35% was deduced for the APA from CPA2, allowing the calculation of a dry density of its dense phase of 1.24 g·cm–3, which is rarely investigated for commercial membranes. New chemical descriptors considering chain heads, tails, and branches were introduced to improve the interpretation of chemical composition results. Being more realistic than the cross-linking degree, they suggested for the CPA2 active layer a back surface chemically less cross-linked than the top surface.
中文翻译：
用于反渗透膜的商业和合成芳香聚酰胺薄膜的实验表征
需要精确描述反渗透膜的活性芳族聚酰胺（APA）层的复杂结构，以理解和预测溶质截留率。商业反渗透膜（CPA2，海德）被选作为个案研究，并通过均苯三甲酰氯自由站立界面聚合（TMC）和制备自制APA膜米-苯二胺（MPD）在不同的温度下获得不同的薄膜结构。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM），原子力显微镜（AFM），轮廓图，椭圆仪，动态蒸气吸附（DVS）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对它们的形态，厚度，空隙率，密度和化学成分进行了表征。所有样品均具有作为稠密基础的多级拓扑结构，可在此基础上生成CPA2的谷脊结构和合成样品的烟囱状结构，其厚度随温度而增加。由CPA2推算出APA的平均空隙率为35％，从而计算出其密相的干密度为1.24 g·cm –3，很少用于商业膜的研究。引入了考虑链首，尾和支链的新化学描述符，以改善对化学成分结果的解释。他们比交联度更现实，他们建议CPA2活性层的背面化学交联性低于顶面。
更新日期：2021-02-24
中文翻译：
用于反渗透膜的商业和合成芳香聚酰胺薄膜的实验表征
需要精确描述反渗透膜的活性芳族聚酰胺（APA）层的复杂结构，以理解和预测溶质截留率。商业反渗透膜（CPA2，海德）被选作为个案研究，并通过均苯三甲酰氯自由站立界面聚合（TMC）和制备自制APA膜米-苯二胺（MPD）在不同的温度下获得不同的薄膜结构。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM），原子力显微镜（AFM），轮廓图，椭圆仪，动态蒸气吸附（DVS）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对它们的形态，厚度，空隙率，密度和化学成分进行了表征。所有样品均具有作为稠密基础的多级拓扑结构，可在此基础上生成CPA2的谷脊结构和合成样品的烟囱状结构，其厚度随温度而增加。由CPA2推算出APA的平均空隙率为35％，从而计算出其密相的干密度为1.24 g·cm –3，很少用于商业膜的研究。引入了考虑链首，尾和支链的新化学描述符，以改善对化学成分结果的解释。他们比交联度更现实，他们建议CPA2活性层的背面化学交联性低于顶面。
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