将会发生冲突——农业景观是亚洲象的主要栖息地，而不是边缘,Animal Conservation

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将会发生冲突——农业景观是亚洲象的主要栖息地，而不是边缘
Animal Conservation ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-10 , DOI: 10.1111/acv.12668
J. A. de la Torre _{1,

2} , E. P. Wong _{1,

3} , A. M. Lechner _{1,

4} , N. Zulaikha _{1,

3} , A. Zawawi ₅ , P. Abdul‐Patah ₅ , S. Saaban _{3,

5} , B. Goossens _{6,

7,

8,

9} , A. Campos‐Arceiz _{1,

10,

11}

Affiliation

School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
Programa Jaguares de la Selva Maya Bioconciencia A.C Ciudad de México Mexico
Management & Ecology of Malaysian Elephants University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
Lincoln Centre for Water and Planetary Health School of Geography University of Lincoln Brayford Pool Lincoln LincolnshireLN6 7TSUK
Department of Wildlife and National Parks Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Organisms and Environment Division Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff University Cardiff UK
Danau Girang Field Centre Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
Sabah Wildlife Department Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
Sustainable Places Research Institute Cardiff University Cardiff UK
Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar
Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of Sciences XTBG Menglun Yunnan China

对物种生态偏好的误解会影响保护工作。每当人和大象共享景观时，就会以农作物袭击、大象袭击人类和人们对大象的报复行动的形式发生人象冲突 (HEC)。HEC 被认为是濒临灭绝的亚洲象Elephas maximus的主要威胁。亚洲的大部分 HEC 缓解措施是基于从冲突地区拯救大象并将它们归还自然例如，通过“问题大象”易位。在这里，我们使用了两个独立且广泛的数据集，包括大象 GPS 遥测和 HEC 事件报告，以评估大象栖息地偏好与马来西亚半岛广泛空间尺度上 HEC 发生之间的关系。具体而言，我们评估了 (a) 发生 HEC 事件的农业景观的栖息地适宜性，以及 (b) 栖息地偏好的性别差异，对缓解 HEC 和大象保护的影响。我们发现雌性和雄性之间在栖息地使用方面存在很大差异，并且 HEC 事件发生地点是大象特别是雌性非常适合栖息的地区。HEC 报告表明，在马来西亚半岛，女性比男性参与更多的作物损害冲突，而男性更容易与人直接接触。我们的结果表明，人类主导的景观是大象的主要栖息地，而不仅仅是大象在没有其他选择的情况下使用的边缘区域。大象和人之间的高度生态重叠意味着当两个物种共享景观时，冲突将继续发生。因此，HEC 缓解策略不能基于大象移除（例如易地），而需要是整合生态和人类社会维度的整体方法，以促进可容忍的人-象共存。大象和人之间的高度生态重叠意味着当两个物种共享景观时，冲突将继续发生。因此，HEC 缓解策略不能基于大象移除（例如易地），而需要是整合生态和人类社会维度的整体方法，以促进可容忍的人-象共存。大象和人之间的高度生态重叠意味着当两个物种共享景观时，冲突将继续发生。因此，HEC 缓解策略不能基于大象移除（例如易地），而需要是整合生态和人类社会维度的整体方法，以促进可容忍的人-象共存。

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There will be conflict – agricultural landscapes are prime, rather than marginal, habitats for Asian elephants

Misconceptions about species’ ecological preferences compromise conservation efforts. Whenever people and elephants share landscapes, human–elephant conflicts (HEC) occur in the form of crop raiding, elephant attacks on people and retaliatory actions from people on elephants. HEC is considered the main threat to the endangered Asian elephant Elephas maximus. Much of HEC mitigation in Asia is based on rescuing elephants from conflict areas and returning them to nature, for example, by means of ‘problem elephant’ translocation. Here, we used two independent and extensive datasets comprising elephant GPS telemetry and HEC incident reports to assess the relationship between elephant habitat preferences and the occurrence of HEC at a broad spatial scale in Peninsular Malaysia. Specifically, we assessed (a) the habitat suitability of agricultural landscapes where HEC incidents occur and (b) sexual differences in habitat preferences with implications for HEC mitigation and elephant conservation. We found strong differences in habitat use between females and males and that the locations of HEC incidents were areas of very high habitat suitability for elephants, especially for females. HEC reports suggest that in Peninsular Malaysia females are involved in more crop damage conflicts than males, whereas males are more prone to direct encounters with people. Our results show that human-dominated landscapes are prime elephant habitat, and not merely marginal areas that elephants use in the absence of other options. The high ecological overlap between elephants and people means that conflict will continue to happen when both species share landscapes. HEC mitigation strategies, therefore, cannot be based on elephant removal (e.g. translocation) and need to be holistic approaches that integrate both ecological and human social dimensions to promote tolerated human–elephant coexistence.

更新日期：2021-02-10

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