介绍。人类 ABO 血型抗原表现出不同的表型和遗传衍生的糖复合物结构，这些结构位于红细胞表面，在细胞的生理学和病理学中发挥着积极作用。自 1900 年代初期以来，研究人员就确定抗体和抗原是遗传的，从而开始研究血型与疾病之间的关联。然而，由于某些血型缺乏抗原，ABO 血型与某些传染性和非传染性疾病易感性之间的关联存在一些有争议的问题。客观的。回顾显示 ABO 血型与不同疾病之间关联的不同文献。方法。研究人员对同一领域的原创、充分和最新的文章进行了研究，并对这一主题进行了全面的综述。这样，进行批判性讨论，不仅对主题进行了描述性总结，而且还充分检索了相互矛盾的观点，并以清晰的印象呈现出来。此外，还收录了往年发表的一些相关科学论文。文章搜索是通过将术语血型/血型与一组与不同疾病相关的术语进行匹配来进行的。根据标题和摘要对文章进行筛选和选择。结果。各种疾病的易感性，如癌症、心血管疾病、感染和血液系统疾病、认知障碍、循环系统疾病、代谢疾病和疟疾，都与ABO血型有关。 此外，AB 型血的个体更容易出现认知障碍的风险增加，而这种风险与地理区域、年龄、种族和性别无关。高血压、肥胖、血脂异常、心血管疾病（CVD）和糖尿病等疾病在认知障碍患者中也更为普遍。早期病因学研究表明，O 型血与霍乱、鼠疫、结核感染和腮腺炎的发病率增加有关，而 A 型血则与天花和铜绿假单胞菌感染的发病率增加有关； B 型血还与淋病、肺结核、肺炎链球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌感染的发病率增加有关； AB 型血与天花、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌感染的发病率增加有关。糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、动脉高血压和缺血性心脏病家族史是心血管疾病最常见的危险因素，并且可以遗传给后代。 A 型血的人比 O 型血的人患胃癌、卵巢癌、唾液腺癌、子宫颈癌、子宫癌和结肠/直肠癌的几率更高。 ABO 血型与血栓栓塞性疾病和出血风险之间的联系受到糖基转移酶活性、血浆水平和 vWF（冯维勒布兰德因子）的生物活性的干预，vWF 是 O 型凝血因子 VIII 的载体蛋白。结论。几项与 ABO 表型相关的研究表明，基因决定的人类 ABO 血型与各种传染性和非传染性疾病的风险增加相应相关。 然而，还需要进一步研究，特别是在 ABO 血型的分子水平及其与各种疾病的关系方面。
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Human ABO Blood Groups and Their Associations with Different Diseases
Introduction. Human ABO blood type antigens exhibit alternative phenotypes and genetically derived glycoconjugate structures that are located on the red cell surface which play an active role in the cells’ physiology and pathology. Associations between the blood type and disease have been studied since the early 1900s when researchers determined that antibodies and antigens are inherited. However, due to lack of antigens of some blood groups, there have been some contentious issues with the association between the ABO blood group and vulnerability to certain infectious and noninfectious diseases. Objective. To review different literatures that show the association between ABO blood groups and different diseases. Method. Original, adequate, and recent articles on the same field were researched, and the researcher conducted a comprehensive review on this topic. Thus, taking out critical discussions, not only a descriptive summary of the topic but also contradictory ideas were fully retrieved and presented in a clear impression. In addition, some relevant scientific papers published in previous years were included. The article search was performed by matching the terms blood types/groups with a group of terms related to different diseases. The articles were screened and selected based on the title and abstract presented. Results. The susceptibility to various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, infections and hematologic disorders, cognitive disorders, circulatory diseases, metabolic diseases, and malaria, has been linked with ABO blood groups. Moreover, blood group AB individuals were found to be susceptible to an increased risk of cognitive impairment which was independent of geographic region, age, race, and gender. Disorders such as hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and diabetes were also more prevalent in individuals with cognitive impairment. Early etiological studies indicated that blood type O has a connection with increased incidence of cholera, plague, tuberculosis infections, and mumps, whereas blood type A is linked with increased incidence of smallpox and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection; blood type B is also associated with increased incidence of gonorrhea, tuberculosis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, E. coli, and salmonella infections; and blood type AB is associated with increased incidence of smallpox and E. coli and salmonella infections. Diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, and family history for ischemic heart disease are the most common risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and can be genetically transmitted to offspring. Higher incidence of cancers in the stomach, ovaries, salivary glands, cervix, uterus, and colon/rectum was common in blood type A people than in O type people. The link between the ABO blood type and thromboembolic diseases and bleeding risk are intervened by the glycosyltransferase activity and plasma levels and biologic activity of vWF (Von Willebrand factor), a carrier protein for coagulation factor VIII which is low in O type. Conclusion. Several studies related to the ABO phenotype show that genetically determined human ABO blood groups were correspondingly linked with an increased risk of various infectious and noninfectious diseases. However, further investigations are needed particularly on the molecular level of ABO blood groups and their association with various diseases.
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