This paper discusses and synthesizes the consequences of the archaeogenetic revolution to our understanding of mobility and social change during the Neolithic period in Europe (6500–2000 BC). In spite of major obstacles to a productive integration of archaeological and anthropological knowledge with ancient DNA data, larger changes in the European gene pool are detected and taken as indications for large-scale migrations during two major periods: the Early Neolithic expansion into Europe (6500–4000 BC) and the third millennium BC “steppe migration.” Rather than massive migration events, I argue that both major genetic turnovers are better understood in terms of small-scale mobility and human movement in systems of population circulation, social fission and fusion of communities, and translocal interaction, which together add up to a large-scale signal. At the same time, I argue that both upticks in mobility are initiated by the two most consequential social transformations that took place in Eurasia, namely the emergence of farming, animal husbandry, and sedentary village life during the Neolithic revolution and the emergence of systems of centralized political organization during the process of urbanization and early state formation in southwest Asia.

本文讨论并综合了考古革命对我们理解欧洲新石器时代（公元前 6500-2000 年）流动性和社会变迁的影响。尽管考古学和人类学知识与古代 DNA 数据的有效整合存在重大障碍，但欧洲基因库中的较大变化被发现并被视为两个主要时期大规模迁徙的迹象：新石器时代早期向欧洲的扩张（6500 年） – 公元前 4000 年）和公元前第三个千年“草原迁徙”。我认为，这两种主要的基因更替可以通过人口流通系统中的小规模流动和人类移动、社区的社会裂变和融合以及跨地方相互作用来更好地理解，而不是大规模的迁徙事件，这些因素加在一起构成了大规模的人口流动。 - 尺度信号。与此同时，我认为，流动性的增加是由欧亚大陆发生的两次最重要的社会变革引发的，即新石器时代革命期间农业、畜牧业和定居乡村生活的出现，以及社会制度的出现。西南亚城市化和早期国家形成过程中的中央集权政治组织。