Nearby galaxies offer unique laboratories allowing multi-wavelength spatially resolved studies of the interstellar medium, star formation and nuclear activity across a broad range of physical conditions. In particular, detailed studies of individual local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) are crucial for gaining a better understanding of these processes and for developing and testing models that are used to explain statistical studies of large populations of such galaxies at high redshift for which it is currently impossible to reach a sufficient physical resolution. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of spatially resolved infrared, sub-millimetre and radio observations in the study of the interstellar medium, star formation and active galactic nuclei as well as their interplay in local LIRGs. We also present an overview of the modelling of their spectral energy distributions using state-of-the-art radiative transfer codes. These contribute necessary and powerful ‘workhorse’ tools for the study of LIRGs (and their more luminous counterparts) at higher redshifts which are unresolved in observations. We describe how spatially-resolved time-domain observations have recently opened a new window to study the nuclear activity in LIRGs. We describe in detail the observational characteristics of Arp 299 which is one of the best studied local LIRGs and exemplifies the power of the combination of time-domain and high-resolution observations at infrared to radio wavelengths together with radiative transfer modelling used to explain the spectral energy distributions of its different components. We summarise the previous achievements obtained using high-spatial resolution observations and provide an outlook into what we can expect to achieve with future facilities.

附近的星系提供了独特的实验室，可以在广泛的物理条件下对星际介质、恒星形成和核活动进行多波长空间分辨研究。特别是，对单个局部发光红外星系（LIRG）的详细研究对于更好地了解这些过程以及开发和测试模型至关重要，这些模型用于解释对此类高红移星系的大量群体的统计研究。目前不可能达到足够的物理分辨率。在这里，我们概述了空间分辨红外、亚毫米和射电观测对星际介质、恒星形成和活动星系核及其在局部 LIRG 中相互作用的研究的影响。我们还概述了使用最先进的辐射传输代码对其光谱能量分布进行建模。这些为研究红移较高的 LIRG（及其更亮的对应物）提供了必要且强大的“主力”工具，而这些红移在观测中尚未解决。我们描述了空间分辨时域观测最近如何打开了研究 LIRG 核活动的新窗口。我们详细描述了 Arp 299 的观测特征，它是研究最深入的本地 LIRG 之一，并举例说明了红外到无线电波长的时域和高分辨率观测相结合的力量，以及用于解释光谱的辐射传输模型。其不同成分的能量分布。我们总结了以前使用高空间分辨率观测所取得的成就，并对未来设施的预期目标进行了展望。