Significant changes in Italian political, socioeconomic, and institutional contexts since 1985 have led to markedly harsher policies and laws. Sentencing law and penal policies have changed substantially. In the late 1980s, the legislature embraced rehabilitation in corrections and enacted a new Code of Criminal Procedure modeled on principles and values typical of adversarial legal systems. The demise in the early 1990s of the so-called First Republic due to the massive bribery scandal known as Mani Pulite (“Clean Hands”) profoundly affected the structure and functioning of the political system, perceptions of crime, and shaping of penal policies. Despite stable and declining crime rates, over time governments have enacted policies overrelying on criminal sanctions. Particular categories of offenders, undocumented immigrants and drug offenders, have been hit especially hard. Rapidly growing imprisonment rates produced overcrowding that was tackled mostly with alternatives to implementation of custodial sentences and pretrial detention. Persisting signs of punitive moderation for the most part are attributable to the inherent inefficiency of the criminal justice system, the “disintegration” of punishment at different stages of the process, and realpolitik policies adopted to address supranational concerns.

中文翻译：

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1985-2015年意大利的量刑和刑事政策：陷入困境的国家的故事

自1985年以来，意大利政治，社会经济和制度背景发生了重大变化，导致政策和法律更加严格。判刑法律和刑罚政策已发生重大变化。在1980年代后期，立法机关接受了更正中的改正，并制定了新的《刑事诉讼法》，以对抗性法律制度的典型原则和价值观为蓝本。1990年代初，由于大规模的贿赂丑闻Mani Pulite（“清洁之手”）而导致的第一共和国的消亡，深刻地影响了政治体系的结构和功能，犯罪观念以及刑罚政策的制定。尽管犯罪率稳定且下降，但随着时间的流逝，政府已颁布了过度依赖刑事制裁的政策。特殊类别的罪犯，无证移民和毒品罪犯，受到的打击尤其严重。迅速增长的监禁率导致人满为患，大多数情况下可以通过执行监禁刑罚和审前拘留来解决。惩罚性节制的持续迹象在很大程度上归因于刑事司法系统固有的效率低下，在该过程的不同阶段惩罚的“瓦解”以及为解决超国家关注而采取的现实政治政策。