The involvement of women in organized criminal activities such as street gangs, mafias, and illegal transnational markets, including human trafficking, human smuggling, and drug trafficking, is an important but understudied subject. Gendered studies and feminist theories can improve current knowledge and provide important new insights. They can enhance understanding of women’s roles, behavior, motivations, and life stories in all forms of organized crime and challenge traditional and established ideas about victims, perpetrators, violence, and agency. Women, in all those settings, occupy both passive, subordinate roles and more active, powerful ones. However, ideas that greater emancipation, labor force participation, and formal equality of women in our time have fundamentally affected women’s involvement in organized crime have not been validated. Borders between victims and perpetrators are often blurred. More research is needed on the effects of globalization and technological change, on the salience of conceptions of masculinity in relation to organized crime, and on conceptualization of violence in women’s personal lives and criminal actions.

中文翻译：

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有组织犯罪中的妇女

妇女参与诸如街头帮派，黑手党和非法跨国市场等有组织犯罪活动，包括人口贩运，人口走私和毒品贩运，是一个重要但未被充分研究的课题。性别研究和女权主义理论可以改善当前的知识并提供重要的新见解。他们可以增进对妇女在各种形式的有组织犯罪中的角色，行为，动机和生活故事的理解，并挑战有关受害者，犯罪者，暴力行为和代理的传统观念和既定观念。在所有这些情况下，妇女都扮演着被动的，从属的角色，而扮演着更加积极，有力量的角色。但是，关于当今时代妇女更大程度的解放，劳动力参与和形式上的平等已经从根本上影响了妇女参与有组织犯罪的思想尚未得到证实。受害者和犯罪者之间的界限常常模糊不清。关于全球化和技术变革的影响，有关有组织犯罪的男子气概概念的突出性以及妇女个人生活和犯罪行为中暴力的概念化，还需要进行更多的研究。