在城市化地区,农业部门和能源开采中对水的需求不断增长,由于气候变化而导致地表水减少,加速了地下水的枯竭。有管理的含水层补给(MAR)是通过增加地下水源的天然补给,其中包括来自非传统供应的水,例如过量的地表水,雨水和经过处理的废水,可以帮助实现长期水可持续性的几种方法之一。尽管MAR有多种好处,但仍缺乏大规模实施MAR的部分原因,这是因为要选择MAR实施地点并根据现场条件和需求确定MAR类型存在挑战。在这篇评论中 我们提供了MAR类型的概述,并提供了一个基本框架,用于根据水的可用性和水质,土地利用,水源类型,土壤和含水层的特性来选择和实施特定的MAR。我们对1127个MAR项目的分析表明,MAR主要在砂质壤土(土壤组C)并且可以使用河水进行补给的地点实施。空间分析表明,许多蓄水枯竭的地区都有实施MAR项目的机会。分析来自34个使用雨水补给水的研究的数据,我们发现MAR可以去除溶解的有机碳,大多数金属,我们对1127个MAR项目的分析表明,MAR主要在砂质壤土(土壤组C)并且可以使用河水进行补给的地点实施。空间分析表明,许多蓄水枯竭的地区都有实施MAR项目的机会。分析来自34个使用雨水补给水的研究的数据,我们发现MAR可以去除溶解的有机碳,大多数金属,我们对1127个MAR项目的分析表明,MAR主要在砂质壤土(土壤组C)并且可以使用河水进行补给的地点实施。空间分析表明,许多蓄水枯竭的地区都有实施MAR项目的机会。分析来自34个使用雨水补给水的研究的数据,我们发现MAR可以去除溶解的有机碳,大多数金属,大肠杆菌,但不能有效去除大多数痕量有机物和肠球菌。去除效率取决于MAR的类型。最后,我们重点介绍了在现场实施MAR的潜在挑战以及其他好处,例如最大程度地减少了地面沉降,洪水风险,增加了枯水季节的流量,以及最大程度地减少了盐水的入侵。这些结果可能有助于确定缺水地区的位置,以实施特定的MAR来实现水的可持续性。
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Managed aquifer recharge implementation criteria to achieve water sustainability
Increasing water demand for applications in urbanized areas, agriculture sectors, and energy extraction, and dwindling surface water due to changing climate accelerate the depletion of groundwater. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is one of the several methods that can help achieve long-term water sustainability by increasing the natural recharge of groundwater reservoirs with water from non-traditional supplies such as excess surface water, stormwater, and treated wastewater. Despite the multiple benefits of MAR, the wide-scale implementation of MAR is lacking, partly because of the challenge to select the location for MAR implementation and identify the MAR type based on site conditions and needs. In this review, we provide an overview of MAR types with a basic framework to select and implement specific MAR at a site based on water availability and quality, land use, source type, soil, and aquifer properties. Our analysis of 1127 MAR projects shows that MAR has been predominantly implemented in sites with sandy clay loam soil (soil group C) and with access to river water for recharge. Spatial analysis reveals that many regions with depleting water storage have opportunities to implement MAR projects. Analyzing data from 34 studies where stormwater was used for recharge, we show that MAR can remove dissolved organic carbon, most metals, E. coli but not efficient at removing most trace organics, and enterococci. Removal efficiency depends on the type of MAR. In the end, we highlight potential challenges for implementing MAR at a site and additional benefits such as minimizing land subsidence, flood risk, augmenting low dry-season flow, and minimizing salt-water intrusion. These results could help identify locations in the water-stressed regions to implement specific MAR for water sustainability.