ABSTRACT We analyzed the processing of noun-noun metaphors (e.g., velvet lips), which have been relatively understudied, compared to other types of figurative expressions, such as X is Y metaphors (e.g., Her lips are velvet) and similes (e.g., Her lips are like velvet). Experiment 1 revealed that noun-noun metaphors are semantically comparable to X is Y metaphors and similes, in the sense that the figurative meaning stays the same across these three different formats (e.g., participants agree to similar degrees that Lips are velvet, Lips are like velvetand velvet lips all mean that lips are soft). Experiment 2 showed that noun-noun metaphors behave similarly to compound words: In the same way that compound words with semantically opaque heads (e.g., jailbird ) are processed slower than compounds with transparent heads (e.g., strawberry ), noun-noun phrases with metaphorical heads (e.g., relationship patch ) are processed slower than noun-noun phrases with literal heads and metaphorical modifiers (e.g., bandaid solution). Experiment 3 determined that noun-noun metaphors behave similarly to X is Y metaphors: In the same way that X is Y metaphors require the inhibition of irrelevant features (e.g., Some barrels are wooden interferes with the interpretation of Some stomachs are barrels because the former activates irrelevant features of barrel that later need to be suppressed), noun-noun metaphors also involve inhibition (e.g., jean patch interferes with the interpretation of relationship patch because the former activates certain features of patch, such as being made of cloth, that are irrelevant for the proper comprehension of the noun-noun metaphor).

中文翻译：

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影响名词-名词隐喻加工的因素

摘要 我们分析了名词-名词隐喻（例如天鹅绒嘴唇）的处理，与其他类型的比喻表达相比，例如 X 是 Y 隐喻（例如，她的嘴唇是天鹅绒）和明喻（例如，她的嘴唇像天鹅绒一样）。实验 1 表明，名词-名词隐喻在语义上与 X 是 Y 隐喻和明喻具有可比性，因为在这三种不同格式中比喻意义保持不变（例如，参与者在相似程度上同意嘴唇是天鹅绒，嘴唇就像velvet和天鹅绒嘴唇都表示嘴唇柔软）。实验 2 表明，名词-名词隐喻的行为与复合词相似：以同样的方式，具有语义不透明头部的复合词（例如， jailbird ）比具有透明头部的复合词（例如，草莓）处理得更慢，带有隐喻中心的名词-名词短语（例如，关系补丁）的处理速度比带有文字中心和隐喻修饰符（例如，bandaid 解决方案）的名词-名词短语要慢。实验 3 确定名词 - 名词隐喻的行为类似于 X is Y 隐喻：与 X is Y 隐喻一样，需要抑制不相关的特征（例如，有些桶是木制的，干扰了对某些胃是桶的解释，因为前者激活了后来需要抑制的桶的无关特征），名词-名词隐喻也涉及抑制（例如，牛仔裤补丁干扰了关系补丁的解释，因为前者激活了补丁的某些特征，例如由布制成，与正确理解名词-名词隐喻无关）。