Tonal schemata are shaped by culture-specific music exposure. The acquisition process of tonal schemata has been delineated in Western mono-musical children, but cross-cultural variations have not been explored. We examined how Japanese children acquire tonal schemata in a bi-musical culture characterized by the simultaneous, and unbalanced, appearances of Western (dominant) music along with traditional Japanese (non-dominant) music. Progress of this acquisition was indexed by gauging children’s sensitivities to musical scale membership (differentiating scale-tones from non-scale-tones) and differences in tonal stability among scale tones (differentiating the tonic from another scale tone). Children (7-, 9-, 11-, 13-, and 14-year-olds) and adults judged how well two types of target tones (scale tone vs. non-scale tone; tonic vs. non-tonic) fit a preceding Western or traditional Japanese tonal context. Results showed that even 7-year-olds showed sensitivity to Western scale membership while sensitivity to Japanese scale membership did not appear until age nine. Also, sensitivity to the tonic emerged at age 13 for both types of melodies. These results suggest that even though they are exposed to both types of music simultaneously from birth, Japanese children begin by acquiring the tonal schema of the dominant Western music and this age of acquisition is not delayed relative to Western mono-musical peers.

中文翻译：

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音乐音调结构的敏感性发展

音调图式受特定文化的音乐曝光影响。在西方单音乐儿童中已经描述了音调图式的习得过程，但是还没有探索跨文化的变化。我们研究了日本儿童如何在以西方（主流）音乐与传统日本（非主流）音乐的同时且不平衡出现为特征的双音乐文化中获取音调图式。通过测量儿童对音阶成员的敏感度（区分非音阶音阶的音阶音调）和音阶音调之间的音调稳定性差异（将音调与另一个音阶音阶的音阶区别）来索引此习得的进展。儿童（7岁，9岁，11岁，13岁和14岁）和成人判断两种类型的目标音调（音阶音阶与非音阶音阶；进补音阶与音阶）。非音调）适合先前的西方或传统日本语调环境。结果表明，即使是7岁的儿童也对西方规模的会员国敏感，而对日本规模的会员国的敏感直到9岁才出现。同样，两种类型的旋律都在13岁时出现对补品的敏感性。这些结果表明，即使他们从出生时就同时接触两种音乐，日本孩子还是从掌握西方主导音乐的音调图式开始，并且相对于西方单音乐同伴来说，这种习得年龄并没有延迟。两种旋律都在13岁时出现了对进补的敏感性。这些结果表明，即使他们从出生时就同时接触两种音乐，日本孩子还是从掌握西方主导音乐的音调图式开始，并且相对于西方单音乐同伴来说，这种习得年龄并没有延迟。两种旋律都在13岁时出现了对进补的敏感性。这些结果表明，即使他们从出生时就同时接触两种音乐，日本孩子还是从掌握西方主导音乐的音调图式开始，并且相对于西方单音乐同伴来说，这种习得年龄并没有延迟。