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Building Coalitions Out of Thin Air: Transferable Development Rights and “Constituency Effects” in Land Use Law
Journal of Legal Analysis ( IF 3.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-10 , DOI: 10.1093/jla/laz008
Roderick M Hills 1 , David Schleicher 2
Affiliation  

Abstract
Transferable Development Rights (TDRs) were supposed to be a solution to the intractable problems of land use, a bit of institutional design magic that married the interests of development and preservation at no cost to taxpayers and with no legal risk. Under a TDR program, development is limited or barred on properties targeted for preservation or other regulatory goals, but owners of those lots are allowed to sell their unused development rights to other property owners. In theory, this allows the same amount of development to occur while preserving favored uses without tax subsidies or constitutional challenges. Reviewing their use over the past fifty years, this Article shows that the traditional justifications for TDRs do not work. In practice, TDRs are not necessary to avoid takings litigation, are not costless to taxpayers, and do not balance the interests of preservation and development. Instead, they serve as yet another growth control in metropolitan areas where such controls have caused housing crises and major harms to the national economy. Assessed as a technocratic tool for solving problems in land use, TDRs are a failure.But this Article shows that there is a case for TDRs not as a technocratic but rather as a political tool. By giving valuable development rights to some popular or otherwise politically influential owners of regulated property, a city can build a coalition for re-zonings that might otherwise be politically impossible. The effect of TDRs on politics can be positive to the extent that TDRs strengthen constituencies or land use goals that local politics systematically undercounts, as we show through an analysis of New York City’s Special District Transfer TDR program. In particular, TDRs could help break Not In My Back Yard opposition to new housing by building a competing pro-growth coalition.More generally, using TDRs as an example, the Article shows how land use law is the creator as well as creature of local politics. Existing property law helps cement anti-development coalitions, but savvy leaders could use moments in power to create stable pro-growth coalitions by enacting new laws that help mobilize new pro-growth constituencies. Understanding these “constituency effects” of land use law allows policymakers to redesign entitlements like TDRs to produce a healthier land use policies.


中文翻译:

凭空建立联盟:可转让的开发权和《土地使用法》中的“选民效应”

摘要
人们认为可转让发展权(TDR)是解决土地使用中棘手问题的一种解决方案,这是一些制度设计的魔力,将发展和保护的利益结合在一起,对纳税人免费,没有法律风险。在TDR计划下,开发被限制或禁止用于保存或其他监管目标的房地产,但是允许这些土地的所有者将其未使用的开发权出售给其他财产所有者。从理论上讲,这可以进行相同数量的开发,同时保留优惠使用,而无需税收补贴或宪法挑战。回顾过去五十年来的使用情况,该文章表明,传统的TDR理由行不通。实际上,TDR并不是避免诉讼的必要条件,对纳税人而言也不是无价之宝,不平衡保护与发展的利益。取而代之的是,它们在大都市地区充当了另一项增长控制措施,在这些大面积地区引发了住房危机并严重损害了国民经济。TDR被认为是解决土地使用问题的技术官僚工具,但它是一个失败。但是,本文显示,TDR并非作为技术官僚而是作为政治工具存在。通过将有价值的发展权授予某些受监管财产的受欢迎或具有政治影响力的所有者,城市可以建立联盟,以进行原本在政治上不可能的重新分区。TDR对政治的影响可能是积极的,只要TDR可以加强地方政治系统性地低估的选民或土地使用目标,正如我们通过对纽约市特殊地区转移TDR计划的分析所显示的。特别是,TDR可以通过建立竞争性的促进增长的联盟来帮助打破Not In My Back Yard对新住房的反对。更普遍地,本文以TDR为例,说明了土地使用法是当地人的创造者和创造者政治。现有的物权法有助于巩固反发展联盟,但是精明的领导人可以通过颁布新的法律来动员新的促进增长的支持者,利用当下的权力来建立稳定的促进增长的联盟。了解土地使用法的这些“选区影响”后,政策制定者可以重新设计TDR等权利,以制定更健康的土地使用政策。TDR可以通过建立一个竞争性的促进增长的联盟来帮助打破Not Not My Back Yard对新住房的反对。更广泛地讲,本文以TDR为例,说明了土地使用法是当地政治的创造者和创造力。现有的物权法有助于巩固反发展联盟,但是精明的领导人可以通过颁布新的法律来动员新的促进增长的支持者,利用当下的权力来建立稳定的促进增长的联盟。了解土地使用法的这些“选区影响”后,政策制定者可以重新设计TDR等权利,以制定更健康的土地使用政策。TDR可以通过建立一个竞争性的促进增长的联盟来帮助打破Not Not My Back Yard对新住房的反对。更广泛地讲,本文以TDR为例,说明了土地使用法是当地政治的创造者和创造力。现有的物权法有助于巩固反发展联盟,但是精明的领导人可以通过颁布新的法律来动员新的促进增长的支持者,利用当下的权力来建立稳定的促进增长的联盟。了解土地使用法的这些“选区影响”后,政策制定者可以重新设计TDR等权利,以制定更健康的土地使用政策。但是精明的领导人可以通过颁布新法律来动员新的支持增长的支持者,利用当下的权力来建立稳定的支持增长的联盟。了解土地使用法的这些“选区影响”后,政策制定者可以重新设计TDR等权利,以制定更健康的土地使用政策。但是精明的领导人可以通过颁布新法律来动员新的支持增长的支持者,利用当下的权力来建立稳定的支持增长的联盟。了解土地使用法的这些“选区影响”后,政策制定者可以重新设计TDR等权利,以制定更健康的土地使用政策。
更新日期:2020-05-10
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