This paper examines the emotion of resentment and the French version of it, ressentiment. It shows why resentment is an effective way for leaders to cultivate followers who are loyal to them even when they do not serve the followers’ interests. I begin by looking at the differences between the two concepts of resentment and ressentiment in the literature and how they relate to justice, fairness, self-esteem, social status, nostalgia, and other emotions. Next, I go on to explore one of the most harmful aspects of resentment, the social and moral bi-product of it that Nietzsche and Scheler call the “inversion of values.” This is when leaders convince followers that what is considered good by those they resent as bad, and vice versa. I then construct a picture of how leaders like Donald Trump cultivate resentment and invert values. While I do not offer a panacea for resentment, I believe that understanding it better may point us towards a cure.

中文翻译：

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领导力和反感/重新表达的力量

本文研究了怨恨的情绪和它的法语版本，即仇恨。它说明了为什么怨恨是领导者培养忠实于他们的追随者的有效方法，即使他们不符合追随者的利益。首先，我着眼于文学中怨恨和满足的两个概念之间的差异，以及它们与正义，公平，自尊，社会地位，怀旧和其他情感的关系。接下来，我继续探讨怨恨最有害的方面之一，即尼采和舍勒所说的“价值倒置”的社会和道德副产品。这是领导者说服追随者相信他们认为不好的东西，反之亦然的时候。然后，我描绘了唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump）等领导人如何培养怨恨和颠覆价值的图景。