Reactive species are common in biosystems, playing vital roles in a wide spectrum of cell signaling. Taking advantage of the intriguing properties of nanomaterials, nanotechnology has been applied as a promising tool for regulating reactive species in the development of nanomedicines for cancer therapy, a research topic that has been extensively reviewed. However, in the context of cancer immunotherapy, the interplay between reactive species, tumors and immune system is rather complex: Reactive species not only play as cytotoxic chemicals for tumor cells, but also regulate tumor microenvironment and act as signaling messengers for immune cells. Precise control over the dose and location of reactive species via nanotechnology is the key to determine the immunotherapeutic outcome. A review article on this topic is rare to our knowledge. Herein, recent progress in nanotechnology enabled reactive species-regulation strategies in various biosystems, including cancer cells, antigen presenting cells and tumor microenvironment for boosting cancer immunotherapy, is summarized. The design principles based on the mechanism of action of reactive species in different bio-targets are particularly highlighted. Perspectives on the remaining challenges in this emerging research field and possible future directions are also provided.

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纳米技术实现了生物系统中活性物质的调节，以促进癌症免疫治疗

反应性物质在生物系统中很常见，在广泛的细胞信号传导中发挥着至关重要的作用。利用纳米材料的有趣特性，纳米技术已被用作一种有前途的工具，用于在癌症治疗的纳米药物的开发中调节活性物质，这是一个受到广泛审查的研究课题。然而，在癌症免疫治疗的背景下，活性物质、肿瘤和免疫系统之间的相互作用相当复杂：活性物质不仅充当肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性化学物质，而且还调节肿瘤微环境并充当免疫细胞的信号信使。通过纳米技术精确控制活性物质的剂量和位置是确定免疫治疗结果的关键。据我们所知，关于这个主题的评论文章很少见。本文总结了纳米技术的最新进展，使各种生物系统中的活性物质调节策略成为可能，包括癌细胞、抗原呈递细胞和肿瘤微环境，以促进癌症免疫治疗。特别强调了基于活性物质在不同生物靶标中的作用机制的设计原则。还提供了对这一新兴研究领域剩余挑战和未来可能方向的看法。