微生物硝基还原酶：生物医学和环境应用的多功能工具,Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry

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微生物硝基还原酶：生物医学和环境应用的多功能工具
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-06 , DOI: 10.1002/bab.2073
Ramya Sree Boddu ₁ , Onkara Perumal ₁ , Divakar K ₂

Affiliation

硝基还原酶，主要存在于细菌和少数真核生物中的酶，使用烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸 (NADH) 或烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸 (NADPH) 作为其活性的辅助因子，并代谢大量不同的含硝基化合物。近年来，能够代谢硝基芳香族和硝基杂环化合物的硝基还原酶因其在生物技术、生物医学、环境和人类方面的影响而受到广泛关注。这些酶吸引了药物化学家和药理学家，因为它们的前药选择性激活/还原硝基化合物，消灭病原体/癌细胞，使宿主/正常细胞不受伤害。它应用于不同的研究领域，例如治疗癌症和利什曼病的前药活化，设计用于缺氧检测、细胞成像、特定细胞类型消融、硝基污染物生物降解和硝基化合物致突变性解释的荧光探针。鉴于这些酶的巨大前景和该领域的大量研究贡献，本综述涵盖了酶促反应机制、它们在抗生素耐药性、缺氧传感、细胞成像、癌症治疗、减少顽固的硝基化学物质中的作用，酶变体及其对底物、反应产物的特异性及其应用。

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Microbial nitroreductases: A versatile tool for biomedical and environmental applications

Nitroreductases, enzymes found mostly in bacteria and also in few eukaryotes, use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as a cofactor for their activity and metabolize an enormous list of a diverse nitro group-containing compounds. Nitroreductases that are capable of metabolizing nitroaromatic and nitro heterocyclic compounds have drawn great attention in recent years owing to their biotechnological, biomedical, environmental, and human impact. These enzymes attracted medicinal chemists and pharmacologists because of their prodrug selectivity for activation/reduction of nitro compounds that wipe out pathogens/cancer cells, leaving the host/normal cells unharmed. It is applied in diverse fields of study like prodrug activation in treating cancer and leishmaniasis, designing fluorescent probes for hypoxia detection, cell imaging, ablation of specific cell types, biodegradation of nitro-pollutants, and interpretation of mutagenicity of nitro compounds. Keeping in view the immense prospects of these enzymes and a large number of research contributions in this area, the present review encompasses the enzymatic reaction mechanism, their role in antibiotic resistance, hypoxia sensing, cell imaging, cancer therapy, reduction of recalcitrant nitro chemicals, enzyme variants, and their specificity to substrates, reaction products, and their applications.

更新日期：2020-11-06

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