The anode-free full cell architecture (Cu||NMC111) is an essential milestone for boosting the energy density of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). The LiPF₆ dissolved in fluorinated carbonate (fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)) and partially fluorinated ether (1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE)) solvents has been reported to be a fluorinated electrolyte in the development of LMBs because of their wide electrochemical windows, nonflammable characteristics, and stable LiF-rich solid electrolyte interface. However, its phase instability and high viscosity limit its practical application. In this work, an advanced ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)-based fluorinated electrolyte (1 M LiPF₆ in FEC/TTE/EMC (3:5:2 by vol.) is developed, which is free of phase instability and has higher ionic conductivity, oxidative stability, and nonflammability. It has a higher oxidation potential of >5.3 V and better rate capabilities than the EMC-free electrolyte for lithium metal batteries (Li||NCM111). Meanwhile, the ternary electrolyte also enhances the cycling performance of anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) within the potential range of 2.5–4.5 V at room temperature. The Cu||NMC111 cell with 1 M LiPF₆ in FEC/TTE/EMC (3:5:2 by vol.) electrolyte delivers superior capacity retention of 40% and average Coulombic efficiency (av CE) of 98.30% for 80 cycles with a cutoff voltage of 4.5 V at the charge and discharge current densities of 0.2 and 0.5 mA/cm², respectively. Hence, we develop a robust nonflammable electrolyte free of phase instability having wider oxidative stability, high rate capability, and good cyclic performance using an anode-free full cell configuration (Cu||NMC111).

中文翻译：

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解决氟化醚碳酸盐基电解质的相不稳定性，以确保无阳极锂金属​​电池的安全运行

无阳极全电池架构（Cu || NMC111）是提高锂金属电池（LMB）能量密度的重要里程碑。据报道，溶解在氟化碳酸盐（碳酸氟亚乙酯（FEC））和部分氟化醚（1,1,2,2-四氟乙基-2,2,3,3-四氟丙基醚（TTE））中的LiPF ₆是一种LMBs发展中的氟化电解质，因为它们具有宽的电化学窗口，不可燃的特性以及稳定的富LiF固体电解质界面。但是，其相不稳定和高粘度限制了其实际应用。在这项工作中，使用了高级碳酸乙基甲基酯（EMC）基氟化电解质（1 M LiPF ₆在FEC / TTE / EMC（体积比为3∶5∶2）中开发了一种无相不稳定性且具有较高离子传导性，氧化稳定性和不燃性的化合物。它比锂金属电池（Li || NCM111）不含EMC的电解液具有更高的氧化电位> 5.3 V和更好的倍率性能。同时，三元电解质还可在室温下在2.5–4.5 V的电位范围内增强无阳极锂金属​​电池（AFLMB）的循环性能。在FEC / TTE / EMC（体积比为3：5：2）电解质中具有1 M LiPF ₆的Cu || NMC111电池可在80个循环中提供40％的出色容量保持率和98.30％的平均库仑效率（av CE）。充放电电流密度分别为0.2和0.5 mA / cm ^2时的截止电压为4.5 V， 分别。因此，我们使用无阳极的全电池配置（Cu || NMC111），开发了一种具有相稳定性的，坚固的，不可燃的，无相不稳定的电解质，该电解质具有较宽的氧化稳定性，较高的倍率能力和良好的循环性能。