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Microstructure Analysis and Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of the Shells of Three Freshwater Snails
ACS Omega ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-30 , DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03064 Saida Parveen 1 , Anupam Chakraborty 2 , Dipak Kr Chanda 3 , Soujita Pramanik 2 , Anandamay Barik 1 , Gautam Aditya 1, 2
ACS Omega ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-30 , DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03064 Saida Parveen 1 , Anupam Chakraborty 2 , Dipak Kr Chanda 3 , Soujita Pramanik 2 , Anandamay Barik 1 , Gautam Aditya 1, 2
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The shells of freshwater snails are discarded as waste, which qualify as biological materials with prospective multiple uses. To substantiate this proposition, an attempt was made to elucidate the physical and chemical properties of the shells of three freshwater snails, namely, Bellamya bengalensis, Pila globosa, and Brotia costula. The shells were prepared for electron microscopy and assessment of the calcium carbonate content, apart from the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and nanoindentation studies. The results indicated that the calcium carbonate content (y) of the shells ranged between 87 and 96% of the total weight (x) and complied with a power regression equation: y = 0.801x1.016; R2 = 0.994; r = +0.998; P < 0.001. Observations through SEM depicted different snail species-specific arrangement patterns of calcium carbonate crystals in the diverse layers of shells. The XRD, FTIR, and EDS observations revealed the dominance of the aragonite form of the calcium carbonate crystal in the microstructures of each snail shell with the occurrence of different shell surface functional groups. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis elucidated the surface textures of shell dust taken from each snail species; in addition, the nanohardness properties indicate the shells as a tough biocomposite exoskeleton. Species-specific variations in the shell morphology, microstructure, and calcium carbonate content were prominent for the three freshwater snails considered for the study. Nonetheless, the physical and chemical properties substantiate that the shells of B. bengalensis, P. globosa, and B. costula qualify as biological materials for sustainable use in various fields including bioremediation, biocatalyst, biomedical applications, and a source of lime. Since the shells of the freshwater snails are discarded as aquaculture waste, subsequent use as a biological material will support the “waste made useful” paradigm in sustainability, both from ecological and economic perspectives.
中文翻译：
三种淡水蜗牛壳的微观结构分析及化学机械表征
淡水蜗牛的壳被作为废物丢弃，它们有资格作为具有多种用途的生物材料。为了证实这一命题，我们试图阐明三种淡水蜗牛（Bellamya bengalensis、Pila globosa和Brotia costula）的壳的物理和化学特性。除了傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)、X 射线衍射 (XRD)、能量色散 X 射线光谱 (EDS) 和纳米压痕研究之外，还制备了壳用于电子显微镜和碳酸钙含量评估。结果表明，贝壳中碳酸钙含量（y ）占总重量（ x）的87%~96%，符合幂回归方程：y =0.801 × 1.016；R 2 = 0.994；r = +0.998；P < 0.001。通过扫描电镜观察，描绘了不同蜗牛物种特定的碳酸钙晶体在不同壳层中的排列模式。XRD、FTIR 和 EDS 观察揭示了每个蜗牛壳的微观结构中碳酸钙晶体的文石形式占主导地位，并存在不同的壳表面官能团。Brunauer-Emmett-Teller 分析阐明了从每种蜗牛身上采集的壳尘的表面纹理；此外，纳米硬度特性表明壳是坚韧的生物复合材料外骨骼。对于本研究考虑的三种淡水蜗牛来说，壳形态、微观结构和碳酸钙含量的物种特异性差异非常显着。尽管如此，物理和化学特性证实，孟加拉双歧杆菌、球形双歧杆菌和木香双歧杆菌的壳有资格作为生物材料，可在生物修复、生物催化剂、生物医学应用和石灰来源等各个领域可持续使用。由于淡水蜗牛的壳被作为水产养殖废物丢弃，因此从生态和经济角度来看，随后将其用作生物材料将支持可持续发展中的“变废为宝”范式。
更新日期：2020-10-13
中文翻译：
三种淡水蜗牛壳的微观结构分析及化学机械表征
淡水蜗牛的壳被作为废物丢弃，它们有资格作为具有多种用途的生物材料。为了证实这一命题，我们试图阐明三种淡水蜗牛（Bellamya bengalensis、Pila globosa和Brotia costula）的壳的物理和化学特性。除了傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)、X 射线衍射 (XRD)、能量色散 X 射线光谱 (EDS) 和纳米压痕研究之外，还制备了壳用于电子显微镜和碳酸钙含量评估。结果表明，贝壳中碳酸钙含量（y ）占总重量（ x）的87%~96%，符合幂回归方程：y =0.801 × 1.016；R 2 = 0.994；r = +0.998；P < 0.001。通过扫描电镜观察，描绘了不同蜗牛物种特定的碳酸钙晶体在不同壳层中的排列模式。XRD、FTIR 和 EDS 观察揭示了每个蜗牛壳的微观结构中碳酸钙晶体的文石形式占主导地位，并存在不同的壳表面官能团。Brunauer-Emmett-Teller 分析阐明了从每种蜗牛身上采集的壳尘的表面纹理；此外，纳米硬度特性表明壳是坚韧的生物复合材料外骨骼。对于本研究考虑的三种淡水蜗牛来说，壳形态、微观结构和碳酸钙含量的物种特异性差异非常显着。尽管如此，物理和化学特性证实，孟加拉双歧杆菌、球形双歧杆菌和木香双歧杆菌的壳有资格作为生物材料，可在生物修复、生物催化剂、生物医学应用和石灰来源等各个领域可持续使用。由于淡水蜗牛的壳被作为水产养殖废物丢弃，因此从生态和经济角度来看，随后将其用作生物材料将支持可持续发展中的“变废为宝”范式。
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