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A Review of the Total Synthesis of (+)-Lactacystin and its Analogs
Current Organic Chemistry ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2015-09-30 , DOI: 10.2174/1385272819666150730210044
David Malinak , Jozef Gonda , Jan Korabecny , Rafael Dolezal , Jan Honegr , Ondrej Soukup , Marek Buzga , Kamil Kuca

(+)-Lactacystin (1) is a natural substance that was firstly isolated in 1991 from bacteria of the genus Streptomyces, and it was studied for its ability to inhibit cell growth. Its mechanism of action is the inhibition of the 20S proteasome, which together with two 19S regulatory sub-units makes up the 26S proteasome complex; this is a part of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) in eukaryotic cells. 1 accumulates particularly in damaged cells, where the misfolded proteins occur, and subsequently it is able to arrest the cell cycle in the G1 phase by inhibition of the 20S proteasome, thus inducing apoptosis of the cell. 1 and its derivatives (e.g. omuralide (2), salinosporamide A (3), cinnabaramide A (4)) were tested as potential drug candidates for the treatment of arthritis, asthma and cancer. 1 is activated in vitro at neutral pH, when there is spontaneous transformation to (+)-lactacystin-β-lactone (omuralide, 2), which is able to cross the cell membrane and irreversibly inhibit the 20S proteasome. The first total synthesis of 1 was published in 1992 by Corey et al. Soon after, different approaches to the total synthesis of 1 then followed, including formal total synthesis using various asymmetric catalyzed reactions, such as catalytic Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, epoxidation, aldol condensation, Overman [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement and many others. This study describes the structure and function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and also discloses various approaches leading to the total synthesis of 1.



中文翻译:

(+)-乳球菌素及其类似物的全合成综述

(+)-乳杆菌肽(1)是一种天然物质,于1991年首次从链霉菌属细菌中分离出来,并对其抑制细胞生长的能力进行了研究。它的作用机制是抑制20S蛋白酶体,它与两个19S调节亚基一起构成26S蛋白酶体复合物。这是真核细胞中泛素-蛋白酶体途径(UPP)的一部分。1特别是在受损的细胞中积累,其中发生错误折叠的蛋白质,并且随后它能够通过抑制20S蛋白酶体而将细胞周期阻滞在G1期,从而诱导细胞凋亡。测试了图1及其衍生物(例如omuralide(2),盐孢子酰胺A(3),朱砂酰胺A(4))作为治疗关节炎,哮喘和癌症的潜在候选药物。1在中性pH下在体外被激活,当自发转化为(+)-lactacystin-β-lactone(omuralide,2)时,它能够穿过细胞膜并不可逆地抑制20S蛋白酶体。1的第一个全合成由Corey等人于1992年发表。不久之后,便采用了不同的方法进行1的全合成,包括使用各种不对称催化反应进行正式的全合成,例如催化Sharpless不对称二羟基化,环氧化,羟醛缩合,Overman [3,3]-σ重排等。这项研究描述了泛素-蛋白酶体系统的结构和功能,并且还公开了导致1完全合成的各种方法。能够穿过细胞膜并不可逆地抑制20S蛋白酶体。1的第一个全合成由Corey等人于1992年发表。不久之后,便采用了不同的方法进行1的全合成,包括使用各种不对称催化反应进行正式的全合成,例如催化Sharpless不对称二羟基化,环氧化,羟醛缩合,Overman [3,3]-σ重排等。这项研究描述了泛素-蛋白酶体系统的结构和功能,并且还公开了导致1完全合成的各种方法。能够穿过细胞膜并不可逆地抑制20S蛋白酶体。1的第一个全合成由Corey等人于1992年发表。不久之后,便采用了不同的方法进行1的全合成,包括使用各种不对称催化反应进行正式的全合成,例如催化Sharpless不对称二羟基化,环氧化,羟醛缩合,Overman [3,3]-σ重排等。这项研究描述了泛素-蛋白酶体系统的结构和功能,并且还公开了导致1完全合成的各种方法。如催化的Sharpless不对称二羟基化,环氧化,醛醇缩合,Overman [3,3]-σ重排等。这项研究描述了泛素-蛋白酶体系统的结构和功能,并且还公开了导致1完全合成的各种方法。如催化的Sharpless不对称二羟基化,环氧化,醛醇缩合,Overman [3,3]-σ重排等。这项研究描述了泛素-蛋白酶体系统的结构和功能,并且还公开了导致1完全合成的各种方法。

更新日期:2015-09-30
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