Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and its phosphate ester (NADPH) participate in numerous metabolic processes in living cells as electron carriers. The levels of NADH and NADPH in a cell are closely related to its metabolic and pathological state. It is important to monitor the levels of NADH and NADPH in living cells and in vivo in real-time. This review mainly focuses on fluorescent probes developed for monitoring NADH and NADPH in living cells and in vivo, and classifies them according to the recognition units. These fluorescence probes can rapidly respond to changes in NADH and NADPH levels without interference from other biomolecules, both in cell culture and in vivo. These probes have been employed to monitor NADH and NADPH levels in living cells, tumor spheroids, and in vivo; moreover, some of them can be used to discriminate normal cells from cancer cells, and detect cancer cell death due to reductive stress induced by natural antioxidants. This review is expected to inspire the generation of novel fluorescent probes for the detection of NADH and NADPH, and stimulate more attention in the development of fluorescent probes based on carbon dots and nanoparticles, as well as metal complex-based, time-gated luminescent probes for monitoring NADH and NADPH in both living cells and in vivo.

还原的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）及其磷酸酯（NADPH）作为电子载体参与活细胞的许多代谢过程。细胞中NADH和NADPH的水平与其代谢和病理状态密切相关。实时监测活细胞和体内NADH和NADPH的水平非常重要。这篇综述主要针对开发用于监测活细胞和体内NADH和NADPH的荧光探针，并根据识别单位对它们进行分类。这些荧光探针可以快速响应NADH和NADPH水平的变化，而不受细胞培养和体内其他生物分子的干扰。这些探针已用于监测活细胞，肿瘤球体和体内的NADH和NADPH水平。此外，它们中的一些可用于区分正常细胞和癌细胞，并检测由于天然抗氧化剂诱导的还原性应激导致的癌细胞死亡。预计该综述将激发用于检测NADH和NADPH的新型荧光探针的产生，并在基于碳点和纳米粒子的荧光探针以及基于金属配合物的定时门控发光探针的开发中引起更多关注用于监测活细胞和体内的NADH和NADPH 。