In the western North Atlantic, much of what is known about the movement ecology of the white shark Carcharodon carcharias is based on historical fisheries-dependent catch records, which portray a shelf-oriented species that moves north and south seasonally. In this study, we tagged 32 white sharks (16 females, 7 males, 9 unknown), ranging from 2.4 to 5.2 m total length, with satellitebased tags to investigate broad-scale movements in the North Atlantic. Based on 10427 days of tracking data, we found that white sharks are more broadly distributed, both horizontally and vertically, throughout the North Atlantic than previously understood, exhibiting an ontogenetic shift from near-coastal, shelf-oriented habitat to pelagic habitat with frequent excursions to mesopelagic depths. During the coastal phase, white sharks migrated seasonally from the northeast shelf in the summer to overwintering habitat off the southeastern US and the Gulf of Mexico, spending 95% of their time at <50 m depth. During the pelagic phase, subadult and adult white sharks exhibited wide-ranging movements during the fall, winter, and spring into the broader Atlantic over a 30° latitudinal range and as far east as the Azores. These sharks moved daily to depths of up to 1128 m, spending significant time at specific mesopelagic depth zones through a temperature range of 1.6 to 30.4°C. We believe these movements are associated with offshore foraging facilitated by the thermal physiology of the species. Our findings extend the known essential habitat for the white shark in the North Atlantic beyond existing protection, with implications for future conservation.

中文翻译：

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白鲨（Carcharodon carcharias）在北大西洋的运动

在北大西洋西部，对白鲨 Carcharodon carcharias 的运动生态学的大部分了解都是基于依赖渔业的历史捕捞记录，这些记录描绘了一种以大陆架为导向的物种，季节性向北和向南移动。在这项研究中，我们标记了 32 条大白鲨（16 条雌性，7 条雄性，9 条未知），总长度从 2.4 米到 5.2 米不等，并使用基于卫星的标签来调查北大西洋的大规模运动。基于 10427 天的跟踪数据，我们发现白鲨在整个北大西洋的水平和垂直分布比以前了解的更广泛，表现出从近海岸、以陆架为导向的栖息地到频繁远足的远洋栖息地的个体发育转变到中层深度。在沿海阶段，大白鲨在夏季季节性地从东北大陆架迁徙到美国东南部和墨西哥湾附近的越冬栖息地，它们 95% 的时间都在<50 m 的深度度过。在远洋阶段，亚成体和成体白鲨在秋季、冬季和春季表现出广泛的运动，进入纬度范围为 30° 的更广阔的大西洋，最远东至亚速尔群岛。这些鲨鱼每天移动到最深 1128 米的深度，在 1.6 至 30.4°C 的温度范围内在特定的中层深度区域度过大量时间。我们相信这些运动与该物种的热生理促进的海上觅食有关。我们的发现将北大西洋白鲨已知的重要栖息地扩展到现有保护之外，对未来的保护产生影响。