2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is one of the most important bio‐sourced building blocks and several routes have been reported for its synthesis. FDCA is presumed to be an ideal green alternative to terephthalate, which is one of the predominant monomers in polymer industry. This Minireview concerns the synthesis of FDCA by using various carboxylation reactions and discusses the synthesis of FDCA starting from furoic acid and CO₂ and using different catalytic and stoichiometric processes. This process is of high interest, as it avoids the glucose isomerization step and selectivity issues observed during the 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation step of the current alternative route to FDCA. Discussion focuses on the main parameters that govern selectivity and activity in the carboxylation processes. Moreover, various previously described processes, such as the Henkel reaction and enzymatic, homogeneous catalytic, and photoelectrocatalytic processes, are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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糠酸羧化为2,5-呋喃二甲酸的最新进展：通往生物基聚合物的不同化学途径。

2,5-呋喃二甲酸（FDCA）是最重要的生物来源构建基块之一，据报道有几种合成途径。FDCA被认为是对苯二甲酸酯的理想绿色替代品，后者是聚合物工业中的主要单体之一。该Minireview涉及通过各种羧化反应合成FDCA，并讨论了从糠酸和CO ₂开始的FDCA合成。并使用不同的催化和化学计量过程。此过程非常受关注，因为它避免了当前替代FDCA的5-羟甲基糠醛氧化步骤中观察到的葡萄糖异构化步骤和选择性问题。讨论的重点是控制羧化过程中选择性和活性的主要参数。此外，还讨论了各种先前描述的过程，例如汉高反应和酶促，均相催化和光电催化过程。