Abstract From a kinematic point of view, rolling elements should continuously roll on the raceways of rolling element bearings. When the dynamic behaviour is also considered, pure rolling occurs if the bearing is properly loaded and the system is correctly lubricated. In the absence of these conditions, the rolling elements may slide, or skid, from time to time. In the literature, this behaviour is well documented and occurs generally for low-load roller bearings. During a long-lasting experimental test on a large-scale industrial angular contact ball bearing (ACBB), not only skidding behaviour but also so-called over-skidding behaviour was observed on the rolling elements of the bearing. The term over-skidding, or negative-skidding, means that the cage/rotor speed ratio exceeds the value calculated under pure rolling kinematic conditions. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this phenomenon has not been fully described or analysed before. Therefore, a comprehensive model considering the kinematics of the bearing components, the Hertzian contact between the rolling elements and raceways, the interaction between the rolling elements and cage, the hydro-dynamic lubrication, and the thermal effects is introduced in this paper to study and forecast the over-skidding and skidding mechanisms. The model acronym is KH-THD, that is the kinematic-Hertzian-thermo-hydro-dynamic model. The empirical existence of over-skidding indicates that the use of the theoretical value for the cage/rotor speed ratio is inaccurate for determining whether the bearing rolling elements are slipping or not on the raceways, especially for large-scale industrial bearings. The results of the experimental tests on such kinds of bearings obtained by varying the load and under three different operating rotational speeds and two lubricant supply conditions suggest that the KH-THD model is more accurate than existing models, which neglect the thermal effects due to friction. The analysis of the friction thermal effects due to skidding shows that a considerable temperature gradient forms in the bearing. The increase in the lubricant flow rate can somehow mitigate the increase in temperature even though it can worsen the skidding. The proposed model is useful for determining this trade-off for a given load.

中文翻译：

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大型角接触球轴承中的球轴承打滑和过打滑：具有热效应和实验结果的非线性动力学模型

摘要 从运动学的角度来看，滚动体应该在滚动轴承的滚道上连续滚动。当还考虑动态行为时，如果轴承正确加载并且系统正确润滑，则会发生纯滚动。如果没有这些条件，滚动元件可能会不时滑动或打滑。在文献中，这种行为被很好地记录下来，并且通常发生在低负载滚子轴承上。在对大型工业角接触球轴承 (ACBB) 进行的长期实验测试中，不仅观察到了轴承滚动体的打滑行为，还观察到了所谓的过度打滑行为。术语过度打滑或负打滑是指保持架/转子速度比超过在纯滚动运动条件下计算的值。据作者所知，这种现象以前没有得到充分的描述或分析。因此，本文引入了一个综合模型，考虑了轴承部件的运动学、滚动体和滚道之间的赫兹接触、滚动体和保持架之间的相互作用、流体动力润滑和热效应，以研究和预测过打滑和打滑机制。模型缩写为KH-THD，即运动学-赫兹-热-流体-动力模型。过打滑的经验存在表明，使用保持架/转子速比的理论值来确定轴承滚动体是否在滚道上滑动是不准确的，特别是对于大型工业轴承。对此类轴承在三种不同运行转速和两种润滑剂供应条件下通过改变载荷获得的实验测试结果表明，KH-THD 模型比忽略摩擦热效应的现有模型更准确. 对打滑引起的摩擦热效应的分析表明，轴承中形成了相当大的温度梯度。润滑剂流速的增加可以以某种方式减轻温度的升高，即使它会加剧打滑。建议的模型对于确定给定负载的这种权衡很有用。忽略了摩擦引起的热效应。对打滑引起的摩擦热效应的分析表明，轴承中形成了相当大的温度梯度。润滑剂流速的增加可以以某种方式减轻温度的升高，即使它会加剧打滑。建议的模型对于确定给定负载的这种权衡很有用。忽略了摩擦引起的热效应。对打滑引起的摩擦热效应的分析表明，轴承中形成了相当大的温度梯度。润滑剂流速的增加可以以某种方式减轻温度的升高，即使它会加剧打滑。建议的模型对于确定给定负载的这种权衡很有用。