Abstract As the only effective therapy against diagnosed celiac disease (CD), the gluten-free diet (GFD) has inevitable repercussion on the gut microbiome composition and functionality. Being the cause or the consequence of the disease, an altered homeostasis of the gut microbiome usually affects CD patients at diagnosis. After describing the main features of this altered physiological condition, this review defines the main nutritional aspects of the GFD and elucidates how this diet regimen does not fully restore the optimal gut microbiome composition and functionality. Unbalanced ratios between beneficial and potentially harmful bacteria are frequently present in fecal materials, biopsy specimens and saliva, used as ecological model systems to observe CD. Metabolome analyses also show how an altered microbiome synthesize different metabolite with respect to healthy conditions. The review concludes illustrating the current supplementations (biotics family), which fortify the GFD with the aim of restoring the homeostasis of the gut microbiome.

中文翻译：

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无麸质饮食和肠道微生物组

摘要 作为针对诊断出的乳糜泻 (CD) 的唯一有效疗法，无麸质饮食 (GFD) 对肠道微生物组的组成和功能具有不可避免的影响。作为疾病的原因或结果，肠道微生物群的改变通常会在诊断时影响 CD 患者。在描述了这种改变的生理状况的主要特征后，本综述定义了 GFD 的主要营养方面，并阐明了这种饮食方案如何不能完全恢复最佳肠道微生物组组成和功能。粪便材料、活检标本和唾液中经常存在有益细菌和潜在有害细菌之间的不平衡比例，用作观察 CD 的生态模型系统。代谢组分析还显示了改变的微生物组如何根据健康状况合成不同的代谢物。该综述总结说明了当前的补充剂（生物家族），这些补充剂强化了 GFD，目的是恢复肠道微生物群的稳态。