Purpose of Review

Managed retreat will be inevitable where other adaptation options, such as protective structures or building restrictions, provide only temporary respite or are otherwise uneconomic, technically impractical or both. Here, we focus on the implementation of pre-emptive managed retreat, providing examples of how it can be sequenced, socialised and given the governance enablers necessary for implementation.

Recent Findings

Ongoing sea-level rise during the twenty-first century and beyond poses huge adaptation challenges, especially for low-lying coastal and floodplain settlements. Settlements are already functionally disrupted from repetitive non-extreme flooding and research shows that sea-level rise will impact far more people, far sooner than previously thought, as more powerful storms, heavy rainfall and rising groundwater coincide with higher tides. To date, most examples of managed retreat have been post-disaster responses following damage and disruption. Pre-emptive managed retreat, by contrast, has yet to become a well-accepted and widely practised adaptation response. Nevertheless, there are increasing examples of research and practice on how pre-emptive managed retreat can be designed, sequenced and implemented alongside other forms of adaptation within anticipatory forms of governance.

Summary

The current state of knowledge about managed retreat is reviewed and critical insights and lessons for governance and policy-making are given. Several novel examples from New Zealand are presented to address some of the implementation gaps. Goals and principles are enunciated to inform long-term adaptation strategies.

中文翻译：

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实施先发制人的管理撤退：限制和新颖的见解

审查目的

如果其他适应方案（例如保护性结构或建筑限制）只能提供暂时的喘息机会，或者在其他方面不经济、技术上不切实际或两者兼而有之，则有管理的撤退将是不可避免的。在这里，我们重点关注先发制人的管理撤退的实施，提供了如何对其进行排序、社会化以及如何提供实施所需的治理推动因素的示例。

最近的发现

二十一世纪及以后的海平面持续上升带来了巨大的适应挑战，特别是对于低洼的沿海和洪泛区定居点而言。反复发生的非极端洪水已经使定居点的功能受到破坏，研究表明，随着更强大的风暴、强降雨和地下水上升与更高的潮汐同时发生，海平面上升将影响更多的人，而且比之前想象的要早得多。迄今为止，大多数有管理撤退的例子都是在遭受破坏和破坏后做出的灾后反应。相比之下，先发制人的管理撤退尚未成为一种被广泛接受和广泛实践的适应措施。尽管如此，关于如何在预期治理形式中与其他形式的适应一起设计、排序和实施先发性管理撤退的研究和实践例子越来越多。

概括

回顾了有关管理撤退的当前知识状况，并给出了治理和政策制定的重要见解和经验教训。介绍了新西兰的几个新颖例子，以解决一些实施方面的差距。阐明了目标和原则，为长期适应战略提供信息。