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Toward the Decarbonization of Hard-To-Abate Sectors: A Case Study of the Soda Ash Production
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-22 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01598 Marta Rumayor 1 , Antonio Dominguez-Ramos 1 , Angel Irabien 1
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-22 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01598 Marta Rumayor 1 , Antonio Dominguez-Ramos 1 , Angel Irabien 1
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Decarbonizing the so-called “hard-to-abate” sectors is considered more technically challenging than others such as energy or transportation because they entail emissions not only from heat and power generation but also from manufacturing and process industries. The opportunities for them are less obvious and the challenges are greater, so their shift or transition to zero emissions is still relatively unexplored. In this case study, we aim to analyze the environmental impact and the technoeconomic viability of the integration of a carbon capture and utilization (CCU) plant that produces CO2-based methanol (CO2-MeOH) by means of electrochemical reduction (ER) in the hard-to-abate sector of synthetic soda ash. With a rigorous emphasis on the goal of net zero CO2 emissions, life cycle assessment (LCA) and technoeconomic assessment (TEA) were used as tools in order to guide further research and development toward its potential final commercialization. LCA and TEA results have demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the carbon footprint (CF) of the synthetic soda ash production at a reasonable cost within proper medium/long-term developments. Several scenarios have been assessed considering the future innovation of the CCU-ER technology and the future evolution of the electricity and CO2 market prices because of the application of instruments such as Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and the European Union Emissions Trading System. The scenarios analyzed suggest that the complete electrification of the integrated plants of soda ash through electric heat (EH) is positive from the environmental perspective. This EH represents the direct conversion of renewable electricity to industrial heat. The results displayed a reduction in the CF of soda ash up to 74% as long as the entire integrated plant was run on renewable electricity and considering the commercialization of the ER side products such as H2 and O2. Not considering the selling of these two products leads to more modest reduction around 41%. However, this complete electrification has major implications on the economic profile under the current combination of electricity and CO2 market prices. Low-cost electricity, for example, using surpluses of renewable electricity and/or PPAs, and a higher CO2 price, which can be expected in the short/mid-term, are required to ensure economic feasibility. A 50% reduction of the current average wholesale electricity price that was used as a reference in the present study (43 €·MW h–1) will ensure economic feasibility under the proper ER technology development. The insights gained in this study may be of assistance in the sustainable implementation of CCU in energy-intensive manufacturing processes.
中文翻译：
走向难减排行业的脱碳：以纯碱生产为例
与能源或交通运输等其他行业相比，所谓的“难以减排”的行业要实现脱碳，在技术上更具挑战性，因为它们不仅产生热量，还产生发电，制造和加工行业的排放。它们的机会不那么明显，挑战也更大，因此，相对地探索它们向零排放的转变或过渡。在本案例研究中，我们旨在分析通过电化学还原（ER）产生基于CO 2的甲醇（CO 2 -MeOH）的碳捕集与利用（CCU）装置整合的环境影响和技术经济可行性。在合成纯碱难以缓解的领域。严格强调零净CO 2的目标排放，生命周期评估（LCA）和技术经济评估（TEA）被用作工具，以指导进一步的研究和开发，以实现其潜在的最终商业化。LCA和TEA结果表明，在适当的中长期发展中，可以以合理的成本降低合成纯碱生产的碳足迹（CF）。考虑到CCU-ER技术的未来创新以及电力和CO 2的未来发展，对几种情况进行了评估市场价格是因为采用了购电协议（PPA）和欧盟排放交易系统之类的工具。分析的场景表明，从环境角度看，通过电热（EH）对纯碱综合工厂进行完全电气化是积极的。该EH代表可再生电力直接转化为工业热。结果表明，只要整个综合工厂都使用可再生电力运行，并且考虑到诸如H 2和O 2之类的ER副产品的商业化，纯碱的CF降低最多可达74％。。如果不考虑销售这两种产品，则降幅会更适度，约为41％。然而，在当前电力和CO 2市场价格的组合下，这种完全的电气化对经济状况具有重大影响。为了确保经济可行性，需要低成本的电力（例如，使用过量的可再生电力和/或PPA）以及较高的CO 2价格（可以在短期/中期内预期）。本研究中用作参考的当前平均批发电价降低了50％（43€·MW h –1）将确保在适当的ER技术发展下的经济可行性。这项研究中获得的见识可能有助于在能源密集型制造过程中可持续实施CCU。
更新日期：2020-08-17
中文翻译：
走向难减排行业的脱碳：以纯碱生产为例
与能源或交通运输等其他行业相比，所谓的“难以减排”的行业要实现脱碳，在技术上更具挑战性，因为它们不仅产生热量，还产生发电，制造和加工行业的排放。它们的机会不那么明显，挑战也更大，因此，相对地探索它们向零排放的转变或过渡。在本案例研究中，我们旨在分析通过电化学还原（ER）产生基于CO 2的甲醇（CO 2 -MeOH）的碳捕集与利用（CCU）装置整合的环境影响和技术经济可行性。在合成纯碱难以缓解的领域。严格强调零净CO 2的目标排放，生命周期评估（LCA）和技术经济评估（TEA）被用作工具，以指导进一步的研究和开发，以实现其潜在的最终商业化。LCA和TEA结果表明，在适当的中长期发展中，可以以合理的成本降低合成纯碱生产的碳足迹（CF）。考虑到CCU-ER技术的未来创新以及电力和CO 2的未来发展，对几种情况进行了评估市场价格是因为采用了购电协议（PPA）和欧盟排放交易系统之类的工具。分析的场景表明，从环境角度看，通过电热（EH）对纯碱综合工厂进行完全电气化是积极的。该EH代表可再生电力直接转化为工业热。结果表明，只要整个综合工厂都使用可再生电力运行，并且考虑到诸如H 2和O 2之类的ER副产品的商业化，纯碱的CF降低最多可达74％。。如果不考虑销售这两种产品，则降幅会更适度，约为41％。然而，在当前电力和CO 2市场价格的组合下，这种完全的电气化对经济状况具有重大影响。为了确保经济可行性，需要低成本的电力（例如，使用过量的可再生电力和/或PPA）以及较高的CO 2价格（可以在短期/中期内预期）。本研究中用作参考的当前平均批发电价降低了50％（43€·MW h –1）将确保在适当的ER技术发展下的经济可行性。这项研究中获得的见识可能有助于在能源密集型制造过程中可持续实施CCU。
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