This work involved the utilization of a byproduct from the palm oil refining process as reaction feedstock in a solventless and hydrogen-free catalytic deoxygenation (DO) over NiO-ZnO catalyst in producing diesel-like hydrocarbons as advanced biofuels. The catalyst supporter was synthesized using coprecipitation methods to form highly crystalline meso-macrostructured ZnO particles. The catalyst support was wet-impregnated with different loadings (wt %) of NiO to prepare the NiO-ZnO catalyst. X-ray diffraction patterns verified the persistence of good crystallinity and phase purity of the support, with fine NiO crystallites of size 14–22 nm. Synthesized NiO-ZnO catalysts demonstrated Type IV isotherm with H3 hysteresis loop with mesoporous-macroporous properties. The Brønsted and Lewis acidic sites of NiO-ZnO offer a synergy effect between the active site and catalyst supporter. Both N₂ adsorption isotherm and electron microscopy analysis revealed the increase of the crystallite size of the catalyst by increase the NiO loadings. The catalytic activity of the NiO-ZnO catalyst was tested in a semi-batch reactor at 350 °C for 2 hours in N₂ atmospheric. The oxygenated compounds of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) have been successfully removed to form linear hydrocarbons as green diesel compounds. The synergistic effect between NiO and ZnO significantly enhanced the catalytic activity for substrate DO. The hydrocarbons product yield reached 83.4%, with a diesel range (C₁₁-C₁₇) selectivity of 86.0%. The green diesel, which contains diesel-range hydrocarbons, is suitable as an alternative fuel product for vehicle engine usage. It is possible to be upscaled and compatible with the existed petrochemical refinery facilities. Hence, this is a promising work could be an economic potential and give value added to the palm oil byproduct sectors.

这项工作涉及利用棕榈油精制过程中的副产物作为反应原料，在NiO-ZnO催化剂上进行无溶剂和无氢的催化脱氧（DO），以生产柴油状烃作为高级生物燃料。使用共沉淀法合成了催化剂载体，以形成高度结晶的中观宏观结构的ZnO颗粒。将催化剂载体用不同负载量（wt％）的NiO湿浸渍以制备NiO-ZnO催化剂。X射线衍射图证实了载体具有良好的结晶性和相纯度，并具有14-22 nm的细NiO晶粒。合成的NiO-ZnO催化剂显示IV型等温线，具有H3磁滞回线，具有介孔-大孔性质。NiO-ZnO的Brønsted和Lewis酸性位点在活性位点和催化剂载体之间起到协同作用。都N₂吸附等温线和电子显微镜分析表明，通过增加NiO含量，催化剂的晶粒尺寸增加。NiO-ZnO催化剂的催化活性在N ₂大气压下于350°C的半间歇反应器中测试2小时。棕榈脂肪酸馏出物（PFAD）的含氧化合物已成功去除，以形成线性烃作为绿色柴油化合物。NiO和ZnO之间的协同作用显着增强了底物DO的催化活性。烃类产品的碳氢化合物收率达到83.4％，柴油范围为（C ₁₁ -C ₁₇）的选择性为86.0％。包含柴油机碳氢化合物的绿色柴油适合用作汽车发动机的替代燃料产品。可以进行升级并与现有的石化炼油厂设施兼容。因此，这是一项很有前途的工作，可能具有经济潜力，并为棕榈油副产品行业带来附加值。