Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is a halogen-containing organophosphorus chemical that is widely employed in various consumer products with a high production volume. As an additive flame retardant (FR), TDCPP tends to be released into the environment through multiple routes. It is ubiquitous in environmental media, biotic matrixes, and humans, and thus is deemed to be an emerging environmental contaminant. To date, significant levels of TDCPP and its primary diester metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, have been detected in human samples of seminal plasma, breast milk, blood plasma, placenta, and urine, thereby causing wide concern about the potential human health effects resulting from exposure to this chemical. Despite the progress in research on TDCPP over the past few years, we are still far from fully understanding the environmental behavior and health risks of this emerging contaminant. Thus, this paper critically reviews the environmental occurrence, exposure, and risks posed by TDCPP to organisms and human health among the literature published in the last decade. It has been demonstrated that TDCPP induces acute-, nerve-, developmental-, reproductive-, hepatic-, nephron-, and endocrine-disrupting toxicity in animals, which has caused increasing concern worldwide. Simultaneously, TDCPP induces cytotoxicity by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species and inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in multiple human cell lines in vitro, and also causes endocrine-disrupting effects, including reproductive dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes, according to human epidemiology studies. This review not only provides a better understanding of the behavior of this emerging contaminant in the environment, but also enhances the comprehension of the health risks posed by TDCPP exposure to ecosystems and humans.

中文翻译：

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新兴污染物三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯的回顾：环境发生、暴露以及对生物体和人类健康的风险

三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(TDCPP)是一种含卤素有机磷化学品，广泛应用于各种消费品中，产量很高。作为一种添加型阻燃剂 (FR)，TDCPP 往往会通过多种途径释放到环境中。它在环境介质、生物基质和人类中普遍存在，因此被认为是一种新兴的环境污染物。迄今为止，已在人类精浆、母乳、血浆、胎盘和尿液样本中检测到显着水平的 TDCPP 及其主要二酯代谢物双（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯，从而导致人们广泛关注接触这种化学物质对人类健康的潜在影响。尽管过去几年对 TDCPP 的研究取得了进展，但我们仍然远未完全了解这种新兴污染物的环境行为和健康风险。因此，本文批判性地回顾了过去十年发表的文献中TDCPP对生物体和人类健康造成的环境发生、暴露和风险。已证明TDCPP会对动物产生急性、神经、发育、生殖、肝脏、肾单位和内分泌干扰毒性，这已引起全世界越来越多的关注。同时，根据人类流行病学研究，TDCPP 通过增加活性氧的形成并在体外多种人类细胞系中诱导内质网应激来诱导细胞毒性，并且还会引起内分泌干扰效应，包括生殖功能障碍和不良妊娠结局。该综述不仅使人们更好地了解这种新兴污染物在环境中的行为，而且增强了对 TDCPP 暴露对生态系统和人类造成的健康风险的理解。