Acoustic localization of terrestrial wildlife: Current practices and future opportunities.,Ecology and Evolution

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Acoustic localization of terrestrial wildlife: Current practices and future opportunities.
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-13 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6216
Tessa A Rhinehart ₁ , Lauren M Chronister ₁ , Trieste Devlin ₁ , Justin Kitzes ₁

Affiliation

Autonomous acoustic recorders are an increasingly popular method for low‐disturbance, large‐scale monitoring of sound‐producing animals, such as birds, anurans, bats, and other mammals. A specialized use of autonomous recording units (ARUs) is acoustic localization, in which a vocalizing animal is located spatially, usually by quantifying the time delay of arrival of its sound at an array of time‐synchronized microphones. To describe trends in the literature, identify considerations for field biologists who wish to use these systems, and suggest advancements that will improve the field of acoustic localization, we comprehensively review published applications of wildlife localization in terrestrial environments. We describe the wide variety of methods used to complete the five steps of acoustic localization: (1) define the research question, (2) obtain or build a time‐synchronizing microphone array, (3) deploy the array to record sounds in the field, (4) process recordings captured in the field, and (5) determine animal location using position estimation algorithms. We find eight general purposes in ecology and animal behavior for localization systems: assessing individual animals' positions or movements, localizing multiple individuals simultaneously to study their interactions, determining animals' individual identities, quantifying sound amplitude or directionality, selecting subsets of sounds for further acoustic analysis, calculating species abundance, inferring territory boundaries or habitat use, and separating animal sounds from background noise to improve species classification. We find that the labor‐intensive steps of processing recordings and estimating animal positions have not yet been automated. In the near future, we expect that increased availability of recording hardware, development of automated and open‐source localization software, and improvement of automated sound classification algorithms will broaden the use of acoustic localization. With these three advances, ecologists will be better able to embrace acoustic localization, enabling low‐disturbance, large‐scale collection of animal position data.

中文翻译：

陆地野生动物的声学定位：当前的实践和未来的机遇。

自主声记录仪是一种越来越流行的低干扰、大规模监测发声动物（例如鸟类、无尾目动物、蝙蝠和其他哺乳动物）的方法。自主记录单元（ARU）的一个特殊用途是声学定位，其中发声动物通常通过量化其声音到达时间同步麦克风阵列的时间延迟来进行空间定位。为了描述文献中的趋势，确定希望使用这些系统的野外生物学家的注意事项，并提出改善声学定位领域的进展，我们全面回顾了已发表的陆地环境中野生动物定位的应用。我们描述了用于完成声学定位五个步骤的各种方法：（1）定义研究问题，（2）获取或构建时间同步麦克风阵列，（3）部署阵列以记录现场声音，(4) 处理在现场捕获的记录，以及 (5) 使用位置估计算法确定动物位置。我们发现定位系统在生态学和动物行为中的八个一般用途：评估个体动物的位置或运动，同时定位多个个体以研究它们的相互作用，确定动物的个体身份，量化声音幅度或方向性，选择声音子集以进行进一步的声学研究分析、计算物种丰度、推断领土边界或栖息地利用，以及将动物声音与背景噪音分开以改进物种分类。我们发现处理记录和估计动物位置的劳动密集型步骤尚未实现自动化。在不久的将来，我们预计录音硬件可用性的提高、自动化和开源定位软件的开发以及自动声音分类算法的改进将扩大声学定位的使用范围。凭借这三项进步，生态学家将能够更好地接受声学定位，从而实现低干扰、大规模的动物位置数据收集。

更新日期：2020-07-25

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